NOTES TO CHAPTER 3

¹ Georges Duby, France in the Middle Ages 987—1460. From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc, trans. Juliet Vale (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1991), pp. 268, 275.

² Jean Bodin, The Six Books of a Commonwealth, first published 1606 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962), especially Chapter IIII.

³ A. M. C. Waterman, Political Economy and Christian Theology Since the Enlightenment (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), Chapter 2.

⁴ Robin Briggs, Early Modern France, 1560—1715 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977); Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974); Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System. Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Academic Press, 1974); Philip T. Hoffman, Growth in a Traditional Society. The French Countryside 1450—1815 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996).

⁵ Ralph Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1973), p. 210.

⁶ Steven L. Kaplan, Bread, Politics and Political Economy in the Reign of Louis XV, Volume 1 (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976), p. 6.

⁷ For an influential discussion of the English case, see E. P. Thompson, ‘‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century,” Past and Present 50 (1971), pp. 7^6-136.

⁸ Kaplan, Bread, Politics and Political Economy.

⁹ William Doyle, Origins of the French Revolution, 2nd edn (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 21.

¹⁰ Lynn Hunt, The Family Romance of the French Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), p. 19.

¹¹ David Williams, ‘‘The Politics of Feminism in the French Enlightenment,” in The Varied Pattern: Studies in the 18th Century, ed.

¹² Olwen H. Hufton, The Poor of Eighteenth-Century France 1750—1789 (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1974), p. 132.

¹³ Bronislaw Geremek. Poverty. A History. (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1994), p. 238.

¹⁴ Alan Forrest, The French Revolution and the Poor (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981), p. 15.

¹⁵ Jean-Louis Flandrin, Sex in the Western World. The Development of Attitudes and Behavior (Paris: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1991); Angus McLaren, Sexuality and Social Order. The Debate over the Fertility of Women and Workers in France, 1770—1920 (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1983), pp. 9—27.

¹⁶ Hufton, The Poor; Alan Forrest, The French Revolution and the Poor (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981), p. 119.

¹⁷ Barbara Brookes, ‘‘The Feminism of Condorcet and Sophie de Grouchy,’’ Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century’ 189 (1980), p. 306.

¹⁸ C. J. Betts, introduction to Montesquieu’s Persian Letters, trans. C.J. Betts, first pub­lished 1721 (New York: Penguin, 1973) p. 17.

¹⁹ Montesquieu, Persian Letters, p. 57.

²⁰ Ibid., p. 163.

²¹ Ibid., p. 93.

²² Ibid., p. 175.

²³ Ibid., p. 76.

²⁴ Ibid., p. 280.

²⁵ ‘‘Gentle methods of government have a wonderful effect on the propagation of the species. Evidence for this comes constantly from all the republics, especially Switzerland and Holland, which are the worst countries in Europe if the nature of their terrain is considered, and which are nonetheless the most populous.... The species multiplies in a land where affluence provides enough for children to live on without reducing the quantity available for their parents.’’ Ibid., p. 219.

²⁶ Baron de Montesquieu (Charles de Secondat), The Spirit of Laws, first published 1748 (Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 1952), p.

²⁷ Ibid., p. 103.

²⁸ Ibid., pp. 118—119.

²⁹ Ibid., p. 117.

³⁰ Christine Faure, Democracy Without Women. Feminism and the Rise of Liberal Individu­alism in France. Trans. Claudia Gorbman and John Berks (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985) p. 76.

³¹ Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws, p. 50.

³² Ibid., p. 21.

³³ On slavery, see Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws, p. 82; on progressive taxation, p. 21.

³⁴ Ibid., p. 2.

³⁵ ‘‘At our coming into the world, we contract an immense debt to our country, which we can never discharge”. Ibid., p. 18.

³⁶ A. J. Ayer, Voltaire (New York: Random House, 1986), p. 65. Voltaire described bienveillance, along with l'amour propre as a requirement of human society. See also Peter Gay, The Enlightenment: An Interpretation. The Science of Freedom (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969), p. 170.

³⁷ See Voltaire’s discussion on pp. 298—301 of his Philosophical Dictionary (New York: Penguin Books, 1971).

³⁸ Ibid., p. 398.

³⁹ Ayer, Voltaire, p. 3.

⁴⁰ See Albert Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977) and, for a different view, J. G. A. Pocock, Virtue, Commerce, and History. Essays on Political Thought and History, Chiefly in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985).

⁴¹ Diderot, D’Alembert, and a Society of Men of Letters, Encyclopedia. Selections, trans. Nelly S. Hoyt and Thomas Cassirer (New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc., 1965), p. 230.

⁴² Forbonnais, ‘‘Commerce,’’ in Encylopedia, p. 49.

⁴³ Paul Hazard, European Thought in the Eighteenth Century. From Montesquieu to Lessing (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1973), p. 169.

⁴⁴ Ibid., p. 165.

⁴⁵ Jane Rendall, The Origins of Modern Feminism: Women in Britain, France and the United States 1780—1860 (Chicago: Lyceum Books, 1985), p. 15.

⁴⁶ Rendall, Origins of Modern Feminism, p. 15.

⁴⁷ Diderot, ‘‘Sur les Femmes,’’ in Diderot, Oeuvres, edition etablie et annote par Andrei Billy (Paris: Gallimard, 1951), p. 957.

⁴⁸ Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary, p. 287.