NOTES TO CHAPTER II
1 Barbara Taylor, Eve and the New Jerusalem. Socialism and Feminism in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Pantheon, 1983), p. 49.
2 Ester Lowenthal, The Ricardian Socialists (New York: Longmans, Green, 1911), p.
98. See also Eileen Yeo, ‘‘Robert Owen and Radical Culture,” in Robert Owen, Prophet of the Poor, eds Sidney Pollard and John Salt (Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1971), p. 87.3 Robert Owen, The Revolution in the Mind and Practice of the Human Race, in A. L. Morton, The Life and Ideas, p. 76; Amartya Sen, Commodities and Capabilities (London: Oxford University Press, 1999).
4 For a modern version of this argument, see Jack P. Shonkoff and Deborah Phillips, From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Child Development (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2000).
5 John Harrison, Quest for the New Moral World. Robert Owen and the Owenites in Britain and America. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1969), pp. 76, 157.
6 P. L. Chase-Lansdale, L. S. Wakschlag, and J. Brooks-Gunn, ‘‘A Psychological Perspective on the Development of Caring in Children and Youth: The Role of the Family.’’ Journal of Adolescence 18 (1995), 515—56.
7 Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence (New York: Bantam, 1997).
8 Owen, A New View of Society, p. 108: ‘‘It becomes therefore the essence ofirrationality to suppose that any human being, from the creation to this day, could deserve praise or blame, reward or punishment, for the prepossession of early education.’’
9 Frank Podmore, Robert Owen. A Biography (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1907), p. 375.
10 Harriet Martineau, Biographical Sketches, 1852—1868 (second edn) (London: Leypolt and Holt, 1869), p. 279.
11 For Owen’s views on slavery, see Cole’s Life of Robert Owen, p.
249.12 Robert Owen, A New View of Society: or, Essays on the Formation of the Human Character, Preparatory to the Development of a Plan for Gradually Ameliorating the Condition of Mankind, third edn. (London: R. and A. Taylor, 1817), p. 15.
13 Robert Owen, The Book of the New Moral World, Containing the Rational System of Society (London: Effingham Wilson, Royal Exchange, 1836).
14A. L. Morton, The Life and Ideas of Robert Owen (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1963), pp. 125, 149.
15 See www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk?Rown. The referenceis toBhckDwarf,August20,1817.
16 Arthur Bestor, Backwoods Utopias. The Sectarian Origins and the Owenite Phase of Communitarian Socialism in America: 1663—1829 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1950).
17 Harry W. Laidler, A History of Socialist Thought (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell), p. 116.
18 See Bestor, Backwoods Utopias; Mark Holloway, Heavens on Earth. Utopian Communities in America 1680—1880 (London: Turnstile Press, 1951); John Humphrey Noyes, History of American Socialisms, first published 1870 (New York: Hillary House Publishers, 1961).
19 Noyes, History of American Socialisms, p. 50.
20 Noyes, History of American Socialisms, p. 64.
21 Podmore, Robert Owen, p. 335.
22 Taylor, Eve and the New Jerusalem, pp. 110, 268.
23 John F. C. Harrison, Quest for the New Moral World: Robert Owen and the Owenites in Britain and America (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1969), p. 3.
24 Podmore, Robert Owen, p. 480.
25 Taylor, Eve and the New Jerusalem, p. 88.
26 Robert Owen, Socialism or the Rational System of Society (London, Effingham Wilson, 1840), p. 30.
27 Taylor, Eve and the New Jerusalem, p. 187.
28 He wrote, in his Lectures on the Marriages of the Priesthood of the Old Immoral World, ‘‘The pure and genuine chastity of nature is to have connection only with affection; and prostitution arises only when connection is induced or forced without affection; and it is always induced or forced by artificial causes, or forced by some necessity of law or custom, when it takes place without affection.’’ See A. L.
Morton, The Life and Ideas of Robert Owen (New York: International Publishers, 1969), p. 210.29 Carol A. Kolmerten, ‘‘Women’s Experiences in the American Owenite Communities,’’ pp. 38—51 in Women in Spiritual and Communitarian Societies in the U.S., ed. Wendy E. Chmielewski, Louis J. Kern, and Marlyn Klee-Hartzell, (Syracuse NY: Syracuse University Press, 1993).
30 Morton, Life and Ideas, p. 207.
31 While he traveled a great deal, and lived apart from his wife much of the time, they seem to have had an amicable relationship. See Cole, Life of Robert Owen, p. 236.
32 Robert Owen, A New View of Society, 3rd edn (London: Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, 1817), pp. 74—5.
33 Alexander Gray, The Socialist Tradition. Moses to Lenin (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1947), p. 208.
34 Wally Seccombe, Weathering the Storm. Working-Class Families from the Industrial Revolution to the Fertility Decline (London: Verso, 1993), p. 79.
35 Patricia James, Population Malthus (New York: Routledge, 2006), p. 188.
36 Chris Nyland and Tom Heenan, ‘‘William Thompson and Anna Doyle Wheeler: A Marriage of Minds on Jeremy Bentham’s Doorstep,” 241—61 in Robert Dimand and Chris Nyland, eds., The Status of Women in Classical Economic Thought (Cheltenham UK: Edward Elgar, 2003); Richard Pankhurst, William Thompson, Pioneer Socialist (London: Pluto Press, 1954), p. 18.
37 Pankhurst, William Thompson, p. 52.
38 James Mill, ‘‘Article on Government,’’ reprinted in Susan Groag Bell and Karen M. Offen, editors, Women, the Family and Freedom'. 1880—1950 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1983). Edmund Burke had made a similar argument years before, railing against expansion of the male franchise.
39 William Thompson, Appeal of One Half the Human Race, Women, Against the Pretensions of the Other Half, Men, to Retain Them in Political, and Thence in Civil and Domestic Slavery (London: Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1825).
For more discussion of the issue of authorship of the Appeal, see Taylor, Eve and the New Jerusalem, pp. 22-3.40 Abby L. Cory, ‘‘Wheeler and Thompson’s Appeal: The Rhetorical Re-visioning of Gender,’’ New Hibernia Review, 8:2 (2004), 106-20.
41 Thompson, Appeal of One-Half the Human Race, p. B.
42 Ibid., p. 63.
43 Cited in Taylor, Eve and the New Jerusalem, p. 38.
44 Thompson, Labor Rewarded (London: Hunt and Clarke, 1827).
45 Pankhurst, William Thompson, p. 26.
46 Thompson’s approach foreshadows that of a contemporary economist, John Roemer, who rejects Marx’s labor theory of value as a theory of relative prices but models the influence of unequal property allocations on the exploitation of labor. See his Free to Lose. An Introduction to Marxist Economic Philosophy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988).
47 Thompson, Inquiry, p. 73.
48 Ibid., p. 367.
49 Ibid., p. 369.
50 Ibid., p. 369.
51 Ibid., p. 373.
52 Ibid., pp. 544-5.
53 Ibid., p. 549.
54 William Thompson, Labor Rewarded, p. 46.
55 Pankhurst, William Thompson, p. 134.
56 Robert Heilbroner’s classic The Worldly Philosophers. The Lives, Times, and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers warns that ‘‘There is no use trying to read the Utopians’’ (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986), p. 330. Mark Blaug ignores the early socialists altogether, attributing ‘‘the first appearance of the subject of socialism in a major treatise of economics” to John Stuart Mill’s Principles of Political Economy. See his Economic Theory in Retrospect, 4th edn (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 191. E. K. Hunt, a rare exception, gives William Thompson careful consideration. See his History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1979).