Virtue and Consequences
The views of Jevons and Marshall exemplify a moral double standard: men should pursue their own self-interest whatever it might be, but women should subordinate themselves to the needs of others.
Marshall reframed the classical exclusion of reproductive labor, mapping it onto a new distinction between market and non-market work. The putative motive behind work became the arbiter of its productivity: in the new Marshallian framework a woman who provided domestic services in order to earn money was considered productive while a woman who provided them out of a sense of moral duty was not (even though she received a share of her husband's income in return).54 The market/non-market distinction solidified the Victorian concept of separate spheres, soon deeply embedded in the conceptual infrastructure of economic classification: censuses and national income accounts.