NOTES

1.

Dasgupta and Weale (1992: 120) have extended it to also include political and civil liberties. The new index is highly correlated with HDI and thus with income per capita.

2.

One such functioning that Sen discusses is not being ‘ashamed to appear in public', referring to Adam Smith (Sen 1987: 17). Smith exemplified this with the person who, in order not to be ashamed to appear in public, needed to wear a white linen shirt.

3.

For a more detailed discussion of this concept, see Bengtsson (2004). The idea of analysing the demographic response to short-term economic stress within different social groups, combining longitudinal micro-demographic data with macro-economic data, was first developed by Bengtsson (1989, 1993) and has been refined within the Eurasia Project on Population and Family History, in particular when it comes to the importance of household characteristics and transfers within the household in conditioning the response to stress (see Bengtsson, Campbell, Lee et αZ2004).