List of Tables

1.1 Sugar and tea consumption in Europe and China (in pounds per capita) 37

1.2 Selected comparisons of cloth output and consumption (in pounds per capita) 37

3.1 Rates of change in real wages for skilled and unskilled occupations, 1727—1894 (in % per annum) 84

3.2 Rates of change in real wages for agricultural and non-agricultural occupations in eastern Japan,

1860—80 (in % per annum) 85

3.3 Comparisons between wage and output growth, 1700-1870 86

3.A1 The Kinai series: real wage and wage differential indices, 1727-1867 (1802-4=100) 90

3.A2The Kanto series: nominal wage indices and real wage indices for Choshi and Edo/Tokyo,

1818-94 (1840-4=100) 94

4.1 Wages in the mid-eighteenth century 100

5.1 European and Asian baskets and nutrition 115

5.2 European wages relative to Indian in 1595 120

5.3 Indian standards of living, 1595 (in grams of silver) and 1961 (in rupees) 121

5.4 Real wages of farm workers, CPI deflator 122

5.5 Real wages of farm workers, calorie price deflator 123

5.A1 Base values for India in 1595 125

5.A2Base values for China in late seventeenth century 126

5.A3Base values for Japan in 1880-4 127

5.A4Base values for England and Italy in 1750-9 128

6.1 Estimates of life expectancy at birth for various places and classes, 1500-1850 134

6.2 Selected household percentage shares of total expenditure, 1500-1832 140

6.3 The product pattern in price movements relative to the prices of bread or grains, European cities

and region, 1500-1790 147

6.4 Movements in non-staple prices relative to staple food-grain prices, selected places and periods,

1500-1790 150

7.1 A comparison between the development of rent levels according to Lesger's data for Amsterdam

(chain index and repeated rent index) and the average rents per house according to the registers of

taxes on real estate, 1560/61-1806/08 (1806/08=100) 177

7.2 The development of the most important series (1550/74=100) 178

7.3 Stylized expenditure patterns 180

7.4 CPIs using four different weighting schemes, and the final index, 1450/74=100 181

7.A1 Relative and absolute prices of textiles, 1530/39—1790/99 (prices in guilders per el of 70 cm, and index 1530/

9=100) 190

8.1 Long-term growth of per capita output (constant prices), seventeeth and eighteenth centuries 197

8.2 Literacy rates in Europe r.1800 202

9.1 Average heights of adult men, life expectancy, and percentage urban by stages of industrialization 231

9.2 Average heights in northern Europe estimated from adult male skeletons 241

9.3 Summary of adult male height trends in northern Europe 242

10.1 Variations of minimum height requirements (in cm) and age requirements (years) for recruits of the regular

Russian army, 1730—1874 257

10.2 Stature of Russian recruits by birth year, 1700—99, by five-year cohorts 259

10.3 Size and distribution of land resources in eighteenth-century European Russia, crop capacity, and population

262

10.4 Output/seed ratios for the major grains in central Russia in the eighteenth century, by decades 263

10.5 Changes in the burden of taxes and dues on seigniorial serfs in eighteenth-century Russia 264

10.6 Changes in the burden of taxes and dues from state peasants (I), Appanage peasants (II), church (from 1764

Economicheskie) peasants (III), seigniorial peasants (IV), and burgers (V) in eighteenth-century Russia (per capita) 265

10.7 Height by social groups, 1700-99 266

10.8 Losses to the state treasury from the gap between the increase in the poll tax and grain prices, 1725-1800 270

11.1 Data availability by parish and date 285

11.2 Stillbirth rates 288

11.3 Results of logistic regression 295

12.1 Occupational distribution of the Danish population in 1801 308

12.2 Influence of harvest results on the living standards of various segments of the population 312

12.3 Correlation coefficients between changes in rye prices, (p-p_M)/p_M, and changes in mortality, (m~m^)∣' m, 313

12.4 Covariation between fluctuations in demographic events and rye prices, 1669-1890 315

13.1 Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Principal socio-economic indicators (1832-4) 322

13.2 Estimated elasticity of wheat price fluctuations on total adjusted deaths’, Italy 328

13.3 Estimated elasticity of wheat price fluctuations on different mortality indicators by age,

Tuscany 1823-54 329

13.4 Estimated elasticity of wheat price fluctuations on different mortality indicators by age, rural,

and urban Tuscany, 1823-54 331

14.1 Social structure of family heads in the four parishes, 1766-1895 353

14.2 Effects of food prices on mortality in ages 25-55 for landless and semi-landless in the

four parishes, 1766-1895 359

14.3 Effects of food prices on mortality in ages 1-15 for landless and semi-landless in the four parishes,

1766-1895 360

14.4 Effects of food prices on fertility for landless and semi-landless in the four parishes, 1766-1895 363

15.1 Demographic regimes and family systems in the Land of Herve and East Ardennes.

indicators, 1811-1900 380

15.2 Effects of grain prices on relative risks of demographic events by sex and period, in Sart, Belgium 390

15.3 Demographic responses to price fluctuations in the Land of Herve, 1846-1900.

risks for a 10% deviation from the trend 393

16.1 Available data 407

16.2 Levels of fertility, nuptiality, and mortality 413

16.3 Coefficients for year and logged low sorghum price from Poisson regression of number of male

births in the next year for married females 415

16.4 Coefficients for year from the complementary log-log regression of marriage in the next three years

for never-married males 417

16.5 Coefficients for logged low sorghum price from the complementary log-log regression of death

in the next three years 420

17.1 Means of the covariates used for the discrete-time event-history analysis of mortality responses to

short-term economic stress 442

17.2 Means of the covariates used for the discrete-time event-history analysis of responses of marital

fertility, first marriage, and out-migration to short-term economic stress 442

17.3 Estimated effects of logged rice prices and household landholding on the probability of dying in the

next one year by sex 444

17.4 Estimated effects of logged rice price and household landholding on the probability of having

recorded marital birth in the next one year 446

17.5 Estimated effects of logged rice prices and household landholding on the probability of first

marriage in the next one year by sex and type of marriage 448

17.6 Estimated effects of logged rice prices and household landholding on the probability of

out-migration in the next one year by sex and reason of migration 450