Index
Aalto, Sergei K. 203n49
Abeille, Louis-Paul 86
Accursius, Franciscus 11, 13
Aguesseau, Francois d’ 24
Albert the Great 13-15
Alembert see Le Rond d’Alembert
Alimento, Antonella 79n19
Allix, Edgard 216n61, 247, 258n41, 260n44
Amilaville, Etienne Noel d’ 178-9
Ando, Yusuke 8n11
Aquinas, Thomas 11-14, 16-18
Argenson see Voyer de Paulmy d’Argenson
Aristotle 1, 8, 11, 14-15, 18, 20, 35, 124n12
Armenteros, Carolina 2n4
Augustus 36
Auxiron, Charles-Franςois-Joseph d’
126n13, 142, 207n53
Azouvi, Francois 256n37
Babeuf, Franςois-Noel (Gracchus Babeuf) 266
Bach, Reinhard 8n11
Baden, Karl Friedrich von 211
Baker, Keith Michael 188n31, 190n33, 191, 259n43
Balch, Thomas Willing 25n39
Baldwin, John W.
12Barbon, Nicholas 71n10
Baudeau, Nicolas 5, 87, 93-4, 113, 126, 165, 244n13
Bayes, Thomas 184, 193, 198
Bayle, Pierre 2, 34
Bazard, Saint-Amand 136
Bearde de l’Abbaye (no known first name) 93
Beccaria, Cesare 197, 213, 215n60, 223 Behar, Cem Lazare 183
Belesbat see Hurault de l’Hopital de
Beslesbat Benichou, Paul 32n2 Bentham, Jeremy 136, 249 Benveniste, Emile 12 Beraud, Alain 247 Berkeley, George 196-7 Bernoulli, Daniel 146, 184n24, 186, 203,
212
Bernoulli, Jakob 184, 189, 196 Bernoulli, Johann (said Johann I Bernoulli)
184n24, 196, 198 Bernoulli, Johann (said Johann III
Bernoulli) 198 Bernoulli, Nikolaus 186, 189, 203 Berriat Saint-Prix, Jacques 253, 263 Berthollet, Claude-Louis 252 Berthoud, Arnaud 15n23 Bianchini, Marco 197n40, 202n47, 206n52 Bicquilley, Charles-Francois de 119, 125,
216, 223-5, 254 Biondi, Yuri 183n21 Biziou, Michael 244n11 Black, Duncan 194n37 Blair, Hugh 248 Blanc, Jerome 22n33 Blaufarb, Rafe 260n44 Blaug, Mark 69n7 Blavet, Jean-Louis 243-6 Bodin, Jean 9, 22-4, 122 Bohm-Bawerk, Eugen von 138n27 Boisguilbert see Le Pesant de Boisguilbert Bolingbroke, Henry St John, viscount 241 Bonaparte, Napoleon 94, 255-6, 257n38 Bonnet, Charles 117, 256 Bonnot de Condillac, Etienne 2, 6, 9,
88, 117, 118, 121, 125, 135n24, 149n33, 256, 258 Bonnot de Mably, Gabriel 2, 5, 7, 93, 157-62, 164-6, 249-50, 266
Borda, Jean-Charles de 190-1 Bordo, Michael 69n7 Bossut, Charles 223
Boulanger, Nicolas-Antoine 10n17 Boulard, Antoine-Marie-Henri 247 Bourbon, Louis IV Henri de 58
Bove, Laurent 2n4 Breban, Laurie 244n11 Breton, Yves 247 Brewer, Anthony 149n34 Brian, Eric 179n13
Brissot de Warville, Jacques Pierre 245n14 Broglie, Victor de 261
Brooks, Garland P 203n49
Bru, Bernard 179n13, 187n30, 188n31 Buat, Nicolas 51
Buchan, James 46 Buffon see Leclerc de Buffon Buonarroti, Philippe 266
Butel-Dumont, Georges-Marie 3, 240 Butre, Charles Richard de 86, 207, 213, 215
Cabanis, Pierre-Jean-Georges 244, 257 Caillemer, Robert 31
Campagnolo, Gilles 15n23 Canard, Nicolas-Franςois 119, 125, 216, 219-23, 227, 254, 256
Cantillon, Richard 3-4, 9, 35, 46, 48, 50, 65-70, 73, 78, 80, 82-3, 96, 103, 190, 203, 204n50, 240, 242, 246 Caritat de Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine- Nicolas de 2-3, 5-6, 118, 119, 125, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 156-8, 167, 169, 180-97, 199, 203-6, 207n54, 210, 223, 227, 243n10, 244, 246, 250-1, 252n29, 255-6, 264-5
Carpenter, Kenneth 240n1, 244-5 Carpenter, Lord 185n26
Cartelier, Jean 99, 149n34
Cary, John 240
Castel de Saint Pierre, Charles Irenee 93, 109-10
Ceva, Giovanni 202, 223 Chambers, Ephraim 175 Chaplygina, Irina 11n19
Chappey, Jean-Luc 226n70, 257n38 Charles V (Charles the Wise) 19
Charles, Loιc 75n14, 81n21, 86-7, 92, 103, 112n13, 213, 215, 242n5
Chatelet see Le Tonnelier de Breteuil du Chatelet
Chaux, Mademoiselle de la 242n6 Cherruyt de Malestroict, Jehan 22-3
Child, Josiah 3, 64, 75, 78, 134n22, 240
Clairaut, Alexis Claude 198, 208, 213
Claviere, Etienne 245n14
Clemencet, Charles 173n3
Cliquot de Blervache, Simon 3
Clower, Robert 49
Cochrane, John 53
Coirault, Gaston 253
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 90n2, 174, 240
Cole, Charles Woolsey 24n37
Colman, Daniel H.
256n37Comte, Auguste 259n43
Condillac see Bonnot de Condillac
Condorcet see Caritat de Condorcet
Constant de Rebecque, Benjamin 226n71, 255
Constant see Constant de Rebecque
Coste, Pierre 6, 117
Coumet, Ernest 184n23
Cournot, Antoine-Augustin 119n6, 226
Coyer, Gabriel-Francois 25
Crepel, Pierre 189, 216, 222n67, 223, 224n69, 227
Creuze-Latouche, Jacques-Antoine 250-3, 255-6
Crignon, Philippe 169
Crozat, Antoine 52
Cruce, Emeric (Emeric de la Croix) 24-5
Culpeper, Thomas 134n22
Daire, Eugene 120
Dale, Andrew 182n19
Damamme, Dominique 259n43
Daston, Lorraine 184n23, 186n29, 188n31
Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie 252n30
Daunou, Pierre Claude Francois 195
Davenant, Charles 3
Davenant, Charles 98
Decker, Matthew 241
De Dijn, Annelien 2n4
Dejob, Charles 254
Delambre, Jean-Baptiste 223
Dell’Aglio, Luca 183n21
Dellemotte, Jean 244n11
Delmas, Bernard 104n11, 109, 112, 240n1
Delumeau, Jean 136
Demals, Thierry 4, 71n10, 79n19, 81n21, 104n11, 112, 242n5
De Moivre, Abraham 184-5
Deparcieux, Antoine 183
Depιtre, Edgard 25n40
Descartes, Rene 32, 37n5, 196
Destutt de Tracy, Antoine-Louis-Claude
257-8
De Witt, Jan 189
Diannyere, Antoine 256
Diderot, Denis 2, 5, 7, 10n17, 77n18, 88, 118, 157, 161, 175-6, 189, 195, 207n54, 242n6, 266n47
Dobresco, Radu 199
Domat, Jean 33-4, 40
Dos Santos Ferreira, Rodolphe 124n12 Ducel, Yves 183n20
Ducreux, Marie-Elisabeth 178 Dumont, Etienne 248
Dunoyer de Segonzac, Charles Barthelemy
261
Dunoyer see Dunoyer de Segonzac Duns Scotus, John 13
Dupaquier, Jacques 174n7, 178, 179n13, 183 Dupaquier, Michel 174n7, 178, 179n13,
183
Dupont de Nemours, Pierre-Samuel 10,
86-7, 93-4, 119, 120, 137, 142n29, 149, 207, 210-14, 222, 227, 250, 253, 255-6, 258
Dupuit, Jules 119n6
Dussard, Hippolyte 120 Dutot (also spelled Du Tot), Nicolas 3-4,
45, 56-7, 59-60, 73-4
Du Tot see Dutot
Duvergier de Hauranne, Jean-Ambroise
(abbe de Saint-Cyran) 173n3 Duvillard de Durand, Emmanuel-Etienne
183-4, 256
Eidous, Marc-Antoine 243
Einaudi, Luigi 22n33
Emerigon, Balthazard-Marie 174
Enfantin, Barthelemy Prosper 113 Engels, Friedrich 133
Esmonin, Edmond 174n7, 179n13 Esprit, Jacques 33
Estlund, David M.
191Etner, Francois 176
Euler, Leonhard 180-1, 196, 198, 213 Evangelisti, Paolo 12n 20, 14n22
Expilly, Jean-Joseph 179
Faccarello, Gilbert 5n10, 8n11, 8n12, 32,
34, 96, 117, 126n13, 139, 143, 146, 147n32, 148, 149, 157-60, 162, 167, 178, 186n28, 200, 244, 246, 253n31, 258n41, 260, 261n45, 262n46
Faure, Edgar 46, 51 Feld, Scott L. 191
Fermat, Pierre de 185
Ferrand, Julie 158, 166
Filmer, Robert 8n14
Fleischacker 2n5
Forbonnais see Veron Duverger de
Forbonnais
Franςon, Marcel 200
Friedman, Milton 48
Frisi, Paolo 204-6, 215n60, 220, 225
Galiani, Ferdinando 7, 149, 161-3, 200-1, 253, 261-2
Galileo (Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de’ Galilei) 202
Garnier, Germain 246-7, 254, 256, 260
George I 58
Gilibert, Giorgio 104n11
Gillard, Lucien 69n7
Gille, Bertrand 176
Gillispie, Charles Coulston 181n16-17
Godolphin, Lord 47
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 141n28 Gorroochurn, Prakash 182n19
Gournay see Vincent de Gournay
Goutte, Pierre Henri 149
Gramont, Scipion de 23
Granger, Gilles-Gaston 191-2
Graslin, Jean-Joseph-Louis 5-6, 10, 113, 118, 122, 126-31, 139, 141, 142, 145, 147, 148, 149, 253, 259
Graunt, John 175, 183, 189
Grimm, Friedrich Melchior 92
Grivel, Guillaume 207
Groenewegen, Peter 149n34
Grofman, Bernard 191
Grosseteste, Robert 11
Grotius, Hugo 71n10
Grouchy, Sophie de 244, 247, 257
Gua de Malves, Jean-Paul de 241
Guenot, Herve 254
Guerineau de Saint-Peravy, Jean-Nicolas- Marcellin 87, 140, 141, 142n29
Guilbaud, Georges-Theodule 190n33
Guillard, Achille 176n9
Guillaumin, Gilbert-Urbain 113, 120 Guizot, Francois 94
Gusdorf, Georges 256n37
Hacking, Ian 184n23
Hald, Anders 184n23
Harrison, John 117n3
Harsin, Paul 47
Hecht, Jacqueline 25n40, 31-2, 253n31 Helvetius, Claude-Adrien 2, 118, 256-7
Henri IV 90n2
Henry of Ghent 14
Herbert, Claude-Jacques 160
Herlitz, Lars 104n11
Herrenschwand, Jean-Daniel 254, 262-3
Herrenschwand, Jean-Frederic 254n34
Hewitt, Fiona 190n33, 195n38
Holbach see Thiry d’Holbach
Hont, Istvan 81n21, 242n5
Horner, Francis 222-3
Hume, David 3, 46, 49, 81, 131, 140, 241-3
Hurault de l’Hopital de Beslesbat, Charles 31
Hurtado, Jimena 162
Hutcheson, Francis 202-3, 220, 223
Hutchison, Ross 117n2
Huygens, Christiaan 183, 184
Huygens, Lodewijk 183
Hyard, Alexandra 4, 79n19, 112
Innocent XI 136
Isnard, Achilles-Nicolas 118, 121, 132, 201,216-19, 222
Israel, Giorgio 183n21, 212, 216n61, 219, 222
Israel, Jonathan 2n4
Jacob, Margaret C.
2n4Jaffe, William 216n61
Jansen, Cornelius (Jansenius) 32
Jansenius see Jansen
Jaucourt, Louis de 3
Jefferson, Thomas 258
Jevons, William Stanley 219
Joel, Marie-Eve 176
Johnson, Charles 20n30
Joncourt, Elias de 241
Jullien, Jean-Auguste 242n8
Kant, Immanuel 2
Kaplan, Steven L. 8n11, 157-8, 161-3
Kawade, Yoshie 242n5
Kaye, Joel 11-12
Kemeny, John 194n37
King, Charles 3, 240
King, Gregory 98
Klotz, Gerard 8n11, 149, 157, 216n61
Kurz, Heinz D. 216n61
La Boetie, Etienne de 8
Lacroix, Sylvestre-Franςois 223
Lacuee de Cessac, Jean-Gerard 255-6 Laffemas, Barthelemy de 24 Lagrange, Joseph-Louis 184n22, 223,
252n30
Lagueux, Maurice 15n23 Lakanal, Joseph 219, 222 La Michodiere, Jean-Baptiste Francois de
179 Langholm, Odd 11 Lapidus, Andre 11n19 Laplace, Pierre-Simon 2, 181-4, 186-7,
193, 198, 252n30
La Rochefoucauld, Francois VI de 33 La Rochefoucauld, Louis-Alexandre de
243n10
Larrere, Catherine 60n1, 71n9 Larson, Bruce 216n61 Laslett, Peter 117n3 Lassalle, Ferdinand 141 Lavau, Louise-Hortense de 242 Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent 176, 252 La Vopa, Anthony 2n4
Law, John 3, 7, 19n29, 23-4, 45-59, 62n4,
74, 134, 175, 240, 243 Le Blanc, Jean-Bernard 240-1, 242n6 Le Bovier de Fontenelle, Bernard 2 Lebreton, Joachim 222 Le Brun, Charles 32 Lebrun, Charles-Francois 255-6 Le Chapelier, Isaac 246 Leclerc de Buffon, Georges-Louis 2, 186n28, 195 Lefebvre, Frederic 75n14 Lefevre d’Etaples, Jacques (Jacobus Faber
Stapulensis) 9 Legendre, Adrien-Marie 184n22 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 122, 183,
184n24, 196-7, 200-1 Le Maux, Laurent 69n7 Le Mercier de la Riviere see Lemercier de
la Riviere
Lemercier de la Riviere, Pierre-Paul 5,
86-7, 90, 92, 111-13, 158-9, 166-7, 169
Lemontey, Pierre-Edouard 265-6 Lenoble, Clement 12
Le Pesant de Boisguilbert, Pierre 3, 5-7,
31-43, 77, 95-6, 122, 131, 132, 137, 160, 175, 201, 219 Le Prestre de Vauban, Sebastien 31,
109-10, 175
Le Rond d’Alembert, Jean 2, 77n18, 88,
118, 186, 196, 200, 210 Lessius see Leys
Le Tonnelier de Breteuil du Chatelet,
Gabrielle Emilie 195
Le Trosne, Guillaume Francois 87, 93, 249 Leys, Leonard de (Lessius) 135 Lhuillier, Simon Antoine Jean 195 Ligniville, Anne-Catherine de 257 Lilti, Antoine 2n4
Linguet, Simon-Nicolas-Henri 7, 157-8,
160-7
Lips, Joost (Justus Lipsius) 178 Lipsius see Lips
Lloyd, Henry Humphry Evans 202, 204 Lloyd, Howell A. 22n33
Locke, John 6, 8n14, 68-9, 88, 117, 118,
122, 135, 242 Lombard, Peter 11 Longhitano, Gino 95 Longuet, Charles 141 Lough, John 117n3 Louis XJV 24, 31, 45, 90n2, 175, 184 Louis XV 86
Louis XVJ 10n17, 94, 176, 219
Lynn, Michael R.
254Mably see Bonnot de Mably Magnan de Bornier, Jean 258n41 Magnusson, Lars 24n37 Malebranche, Nicolas 88
Malestroict see Cherruyt de Malestroict Malherbe, Michel 242
Malthus, Thomas Robert 201n45, 248 Mandeville, Bernard de 34
Manget, Jacques-Louis 247n18 Marcet, Jane 248
Mariotte, Edme 117, 135, 146 Marivetz, Claude 175 Marshall, Alfred 46, 48 Martin, Thierry 186n28
Marx, Karl 35, 38, 46, 99, 113, 131-3,
135n23, 140-41, 207
Masseau, Didier 2n2 Maupertuis see Moreau de Maupertuis Mauvillon, Eleazar 242
Mazauric, Claude 266n47 McCulloch, John Ramsay 248
McLean, Jain 190n33, 191n34, 192n35,
195n38
McMahon, Darrin 2n2
Meek, Ronald L. 104n11, 149n34, 208n56 Melon, Jean-Franςois 3-5, 60-6, 73-4, 79,
82-3, 241 Menard, Pierre 52 Menudo, Jose-Manuel 157, 167
Menuet, Maxime 135n24
Messance, Louis 179 Meusnier, Norbert 175n8
Miklaszewska, Justyna 2n4
Mill, James 112
Mingard, Gabriel 242 Mirabeau see Riqueti de Mirabeau Moheau, Jean-Baptiste 179-80
Molinari, Gustave de 148 Monjardet, Bernard 194n37
Monod, Albert 2n2 Montaigne, Michel de 8n13
Montchrestien, Antoine de 9, 24 Montesquieu see Secondat de Montesquieu Montmort see Remond de Montmort Montucla, Jean-Etienne 177, 198 Montyon, Antoine-Jean-Baptiste de 179 Morales, Jose Isidoro 191n34
Morand, Jean-Franςois Clement 179-80 Moravia, Sergio 256n37, 257n40, 258n41 Moreau de Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis 2, 10, 117, 118, 201, 205
Morellet, Andre 118, 121, 125, 132, 215n60, 222n67, 227, 245n16, 246, 253
Morelly, Etienne Gabriel 266
Moyer, Frederic 159 Mun, Thomas 240
Murphy, Antoin E. 46, 51, 66n7, 75n14
Necker, Jacques 7, 149, 176, 226n71 Newton, Isaac 122, 172, 185n26, 195-7, 227
Nicastro, Onofrio 61n2
Nickolls, John 240
Nicole, Pierre 33-4, 37n5, 39-40, 117n3 Nort, comte du 245n16
Norton, Rictor 46
Oki, Sayaka 8n12
Olivi, Pierre de Jean 12-13, 16, 18 Orain, Arnaud 8n11, 126n13, 135n24, 147n32, 149n33, 157-8, 160-1, 166
Oresme, Nicole (or Nicolas) 12, 19-23 Orleans, Philippe d' 24, 45, 50, 175 Ortes, Giammaria 202n48
Oudin-Bastide, Caroline 176 Ozanam, Jacques 177
Parsons, Jotham 22n33
Pascal, Blaise 2, 32-3, 172, 184-5 Pasinetti, Luigi L.
131Patullo, Henry 86
Paty, Michel 186n29
Pearson, Karl 182n19
Perone, Severina 61n2
Perrot, Jean-Claude 176
Peter the Great 58
Petty, William 49, 64-5, 172, 175-6, 189 Peyssonel, Charles-Claude de 246 Philonenko, Alexis 199
Picavet, Francois 256n37, 257n40
Pictet de Rochemont, Charles 248
Pictet, Marc-Auguste 248
Piguet, Marie-France 8n12, 103
Pilatre de Rozier, Jean-Franςois 255 Piron, Sylvain 11-12, 15n23
Plato 150
Plumard de Dangeul, Louis-Joseph 3,
240-1
Poisson de Pompadour, Jeanne-Antoinette 86-7
Pompadour see Poisson de Pompadour Pope, Alexander 90
Portalis, Jean Etienne Marie 112
Pottier de la Hestroye, Jean 47
Poullain, Henry 23
Prevost, Guillaume 248
Prevost, Pierre 247-8, 256
Price, Jacob 47
Price, Richard 143, 184
Pseudo-Aristotle 8
Pseudo-Xenophon 71n10
Quantin, Patrick 256n37 Quesnay, Francois 3, 5-6, 9-10, 35-6,
50, 86-96, 98-110, 118, 119,
137, 149, 157-9, 164-5, 167,
175, 178, 206-10, 246-7, 250, 251n28, 260
Ravix, Joel 149n34
Regaldo, Marc 256n37
Reinert, Sophus 8n11, 163
Remond de Montmort, Pierre 184-5 Ricardo, David 35, 113, 131, 141, 248
Riccioli, Giovanni Battista 178
Richard of Mediavilla 13
Richards, Joan L. 196
Rieucau, Jean-Nicolas 157, 167, 188, 190 Riqueti de Mirabeau, Victor 10, 86-7, 93,
95, 103, 106, 111, 157-8, 165, 168, 178, 207, 213, 254
Robel, Gilles 242n5
Robert of Courςon 18n27
Robertson, Ross M. 197n42, 216n61 Robespierre, Maximilien de 246n17 Rrederer, Antoine-Marie 255n35 Rrederer, Pierre-Louis 118, 136, 138-9, 141, 147, 222, 227, 250n25, 251, 253-9, 260n44
Rohrbasser, Jean-Marc 174, 179n13 Romani, Paul-Marie 149n34
Rothkrug, Lionel 47
Roucher, Jean-Antoine 246
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 2-3, 8n14, 9n17, 92-3, 118, 119, 122, 158-62, 165-8, 191-3, 195, 199-200, 216, 242, 250, 266
Rullie, Pierre 121
Sabbagh, Gabriel 240n1, 244n12 Saint-Cyran see Duvergier de Hauranne Saint-Peravy see Guerineau de
Saint-Peravy
Saint-Pierre, Henri Bernardin de 252n30
Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de (Henri Saint-Simon) 259n43
Sales, Francois de 185
Salvadori, Neri 216n61
Salvat, Christophe 8n12
Savary des Bruslons, Jacques 95
Savary, Jacques 173
Saverien, Alexandre 197
Say, Horace 147
Say, Jean-Baptiste 6, 113, 120, 147, 148, 226, 247, 254-5, 257-8, 261
Schatz, Albert 31
Schelle, Gustave 120
Schmalz, Theodor 113
Schmidt, James 2n5
Sch0sler, J0rn 117n2
Schumpeter, Joseph Alois 46, 112
Secondat de Montesquieu, Charles Louis de 2-5, 10, 23n35, 24, 60, 70-5, 77-9, 83, 90, 92, 100, 178, 180, 185, 262, 265
Senault, Jean-Franςois 32
Senovert, Etienne de 240, 243
Servet, Jean-Michel 250n26
Shiappa, Jean-Marc 266n47
Shovlin, John 8n11, 242n5
Sieyes, Emmanuel Joseph 150, 245n15, 255-7, 259-60, 263-4
Simon, Jules 255n36
Simonde de Sismondi, Jean-Charles- Leonard 139, 226n71, 254 Sismondi see Simonde de Sismondi Smith, Adam 34n4, 35, 39n6, 46, 99, 112-13, 125, 131, 136, 243-7, 251, 253-4, 257, 259-60, 263-4
Sonenscher, Michael 8n11, 81n21, 256n37, 259n43, 266n47
Spencer, Charles 46
Spinelli, Trojano 202
Stael-Holstein, Germaine de 226
Stael see Stael-Holstein
Staum, Martin S. 255n36, 256, 257n40,
258n41
Steenge, Albert 216n61
Steiner, Philippe 5n10, 8n12, 60n1,
91-2, 98, 100-1, 103n9, 113,
158, 176, 208n55, 244, 250n26, 258, 259n43
Sternhell, Zeev 2n2
Steuart, James 242-3, 251, 253-4 Stewart, Dugald 247-8
Stigler, Stephen 184n23, 184n25
Sully, Maximilien de Bethune de 90
Talbot, William 174n5
Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice de 255-6
Taveneaux, Rene 34
Tegos, Spiros 244n11
Tell Truth, John 240
Terray, Joseph-Marie 121, 124, 162, 177,
181
Theocharis, Reghinos 197n42, 206n52,
216n61
There, Christine 3, 75n14, 86-7, 95,
112n13, 174-5, 179n13, 213, 215 Thiebault, Dieudonne 253n32 Thiry d’Holbach, Paul-Henri 2, 118 Thornton, Henry 248
Tocqueville, Alexis de 113, 263 Todeschini, Giacomo 11-13, 14n22, 17 Tomaszewska, Anna 2n4
Tortajada, Ramon 216n61, 222n68 Trabucchi, Paolo 104n11
Trudaine, Daniel-Charles 75
Tsuda, Takumi 8n11, 75n16
Tucker, Josiah 241
Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques 3, 5-7, 10,
35-6, 77, 93-4, 117-26, 131-46, 149, 156, 158-9, 161-2, 167, 169, 175, 183, 187, 190-1, 199, 201,
206, 213, 219-20, 225, 227, 241, 243n10, 244, 246, 250-1, 258-9 Turquet de Mayerne, Louis 9
Ulloa, Bernardo de 241
Urken, Arnold B. 191n34, 195n38
Ustariz, Jeronimo de 241
Van den Berg, Richard 75n16, 80n20, 120n10, 126n13, 142n29, 201n46, 207n53, 216n61
Vandermonde, Alexandre Theophile 119, 243, 250, 252-4, 256, 260
Van Houdt, Toon 135
Vauban see Le Prestre de Vauban
Vaucanson, Jacques 252
Velde, Francois 51
Venturi, Franco 2n5
Veron Duverger de Forbonnais, Francois 3-5, 7, 9, 60, 77-83, 104n10, 113, 176, 201-2, 240-1, 250n25, 256
Verri, Alessandro 215n60
Verri, Pietro 203-5, 215n60, 225, 242-3, 254
Villeneuve-Bargemont, Jean-Paul Alban de 263
Vilquin, Eric 175n8
Vincent de Gournay, Jacques Claude Marie
3-5, 8, 60, 75-7, 83, 156, 160, 240 Viner, Jacob 34
Voltaire (Franςois-Marie Arouet, known as Voltaire) 2, 4, 60, 178, 180, 195
Vossius, Isaac 178
Voyer de Paulmy d’Argenson, Rene-Louis de 160
Wallace, Robert 241
Walras, Marie-Esprit-Leon 46, 219
Welch, Cheryl B. 256n37
Weulersse, Georges 86, 112, 206, 250n26
Whatmore, Richard 258n42
William of Moerbecke 11
Wilson, Edward 46, 58
Wise, M. Norton 103
Wokler, Robert 259n43
Xenophon 8
Yolton, John W. 117n2
Young, Hobart Peyton 192n35, 194n37
17 There are two entries on political economy in the Encyclopedie: the first, in volume V, 1755, “Economie, ou Economie (Morale et politique)”, was written by Rousseau; the second, “Economie politique
29 In a nutshell, the monetary unit, the “livre” (pound), was a unit of account defined by a weight of precious metal (silver). At the beginning, there was competition between different “livres”, defined, in various places, by a different weight in modern terms (there was no uniformity in weights and measures until the Revolution): the “livre parisis” (pound of Paris), for example, and the “livre tournois” (pound of Tours). Over time, the livre tournois became the only one in use, and was simply referred to as “livre” - or also “franc” after 1360 (the franc was originally a gold coin worth one livre). It was divided into 20 “sous” and subdivided into 240 “deniers” (one sou being worth 12 deniers). The system was in fact a bimetallic one, a fixed exchange rate between gold and silver being defined by the monetary authority.
This unit of account was an ideal money, used in contracts. The circulating medium consisted of many metallic coins (“monnaies de reglement”), the most precious of which were made of silver or gold - the “ecu”, for example, was first made of gold and then of silver, etc. - and the cheapest ones of very common alloys. These coins did not have any face value but some pictures were printed on them, hence their great variety of names depending on the engraved pictures. In terms of the unit of account, the value of a specific coin depended on the weight of the precious metal it contained. This monetary regime lasted 1000 years approximately, from Charlemagne until the French Revolution, apart from two short periods: (1) from 1578 (monetary reform of 1577), when the unit of account was suppressed, to 1602, when it was re-established, everything was expressed in ecus and gold monometallism was experienced; (2) and during a very brief period during the last stage of Law’s System.
This monetary system could be manipulated by the Prince in various ways. Some kinds of coins could be recalled for recoinage in order to perceive some seigniorage and/or falsify their metallic content, surreptitiously diminishing the percentage of gold or silver (debasement). The Prince could also - and this was the easiest way - change the definition of the unit of account, defining it with a higher or lower weight of silver. In the first case, the change was called a “diminution” because a given coin was worth a lower number of units of account, and in the second case, an “augmentation”, a coin being then worth more livres. The latter case was by far the more frequent. It was a convenient way to diminish the burden of the public debt: since all contracts were written in terms