Contents

List of Contributors ix

List of Figures xv

List of Maps xviii

List of Tables xix

Introduction 1

Robert C. Allen, Tommy Bengtsson, and Martin Dribe

1 Standards of Living in Eighteenth-Century China: Regional Differences, Temporal Trends, and Incomplete

Evidence 23

Kenneth Pomeranz

2 Farm Labour Productivity in Jiangnan, 1620—1850 55

Bozhong Li

3 Wages, Inequality, and Pre-Industrial Growth in Japan, 1727—1894 77

Osamu Saito

4 Agriculture, Labour, and the Standard of Living in Eighteenth-Century India 99

Prasannan Parthasarathi

5 Real Wages in Europe and Asia: A First Look at the Long-Term Patterns 111

Robert C.

6 Sketching the Rise of Real Inequality in Early Modern Europe 131

Philip T Hoffman, David S. Jacks, Patricia A. Levin, and Peter H. Lindert

7 What Happened to the Standard of Living Before the Industrial Revolution? New Evidence from the

Western Part of the Netherlands 173

Jan Luiten van Zanden

8 Economic Growth, Human Capital Formation and Consumption in Western Europe Before 1800 195

Jaime Reis

9 Health and Nutrition in the Pre-Industrial Era: Insights from a Millennium of Average Heights in

Northern Europe 227

Richard H. Steckel

10 The Burden of Grandeur: Physical and Economic Well-Being of the Russian Population in the

Eighteenth Century 255

Boris Mironov

11 Maternal Mortality as an Indicator of the Standard of Living in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century

Slavonia 277

Eugene A. Hammel and Aaron Gullickson

12 The Standard of Living in Denmark in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries 307

Hans Chr. Johansen

13 Short-term Demographic Changes in Relation to Economic Fluctuations: The Case of Tuscany During

the Pre-Transitional Period 319

Marco Breschi, Alessio V'ornasin, and Giovanna Gonano

14 New Evidence on the Standard of Living in Sweden During the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries:

Long-Term Development of the Demographic Response to Short-Term Economic Stress 341

Tommy Bengtsson and Martin Dribe

15 Individuals and Communities Facing Economic Stress: A Comparison of Two Rural Areas in

Nineteenth-Century Belgium 373

Michel Oris, Muriel Neven, and George Alter

16 Living Standards in Liaoning, 1749—1909: Evidence from Demographic Outcomes 403

James Z. Lee and Cameron D. Campbell

17 Demographic Responses to Short-Term Economic Stress in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century

Rural Japan: Evidence from Two Northeastern Villages 427

Noriko O. Tsuya and Satomi Kurosu

Index 461