Index

Abbas, Ferhat, 316 Abbasids, 37, 40, 324

Abdel Kader, 29, 315 Abdullah, Caliph, 323 AbdulIah ibn-Husein, 311

Abyssinia, 332 Afghanistan, 239, 300, 369

Africa, see Blaek Africa “African” mode of production, 17 Aftalion, A., 89, 107

Agriculture

in Arab world, 37, 44, 47 capitalist displacing feudal, 34-36, 63-66, 68, 76, 156, 243

decline of population in, 240

European feudal development and, 55.

industrial progress and, 165-66 in periphery, 167, 168, 171, 183-84,186,193, 200, 204-06, 246, 259, 282, 288, 296, 297, 298-99, 310, 312-13, 315, 325, 334-38, 349-50, 354, 381 as productive labor sphere, 244 productive output of, 215 Ahali club, 311 Alaouites, 41, 47 Albania, 118 Aleppo, 42

Alexander the Great, 20, 45

Alexandria, 45

Algeria, 29, 37, 242

investment in, 207

social formation in, 315-17

Ali Bey, 29, 302

Ali Pasha, 302, 304

Alienation

Ofcapitalist relations, 25-26, 62 70, 72, 376

of Soviet production, 373, 374, 378

Almohades₁ 43

Almoravides₁ 43

American Indians, 355, 367

Amin, Samir, 315-17

Anatolia, 301

Anglo-Egyptian treaty (1936), 307

Anglo-Russian agreement (1907), 300 Angola, 318, 368

Ansar (Sudan), 330

Anti-Duhring (Engels), 63 Antioch, 42

Apartheid, 328, 337, 367 Arab world, 20, 28, 58

capitalism’s failure to develop in, 36-48

international monetary system and, 127, 129

social formation in, 298-317

See also specific listings Arabi, 305

Arabia, 37, 39

Arabic language, 41, 45-46 Aramaic language, 41

Argentina, 249, 381

monetary situation of, 129, 254, 264

social formation in, 295, 298, 366-67

Arrighi₁ Giovanni, 149, 341 Ashanti, 14, 49, 331

Ashiqqa (Sudan), 330 Asia

and “Asiatic” mode of produc­tion, 16

international monetary system and, 127, 128, 130

social formation in, 298-300

See also specific listings "Asiatic” mode of production, 16

Marx on, 51, 198-99 Aswan High Dam (Egypt), 207, 314 Australia, 21, 57, 186, 249 capitalist expansion and, 157, 161, 162, 165, 166, 366-67

Austria-Hungary, 186 Autocentric accumulation

central formations and, 76-78, 188, 210, 237

from cycle to conjuncture, 92-104 monetary system and, 78-92 in new central formations, 365, 368, 369 peripheral dependence and, 191-97, 292, 380-81

See also Capital accumulation Automation, 107, 287, 385 Axum, 332 Aztecs, 16, 57

Baath (party) (Iraq), 311 Baath Party (Syria), 314 Baghdad, 28, 40, 42 Bakongo₁ 341

Balance of bank capital movements, 262-63

Balance of payments, 131-32, 308, 290

defined, 262-63

equilibrium for, 104-18 international monetary system and crisis of, 118-31 peripheral dependence and, 246-50, 275, 348

peripheral opposition to, 212-14

See also International trade Balfour Declaration (1917), 312 Balkans, 301 Balogh, Thomas, 132 Baluba, 341 Bamileke₁ 336, 341, 356 Banking system (banks)

capital accumulation and, 78, 80-84, 87-90, 94

in periphery, 243-44, 260-69 Bantu peoples, 14, 336 Baqqara, 323 Baran, Paul, 77, 102, 179-80, 225, 245

Barone, E., 371, 372, 374 Barry, Bourbacar, 320, 325 Basra-, 42

Bastable, C.

Belgium, 327, 331-32, 333 Bengal, 37

Berbers, 42-43, 47

Berlin-Baghdad railway, 309 Bettelheim, Charles, 141, 197 Birth control, 353, 354, 357, 358 Black Africa, 20, 156, 219, 222, 241, 242, 249, 270 capitalism’s failure to develop in, 48-51

foreign capital in, 204-07, 248, 250,335-41

income distribution in, 351 Islam in, 37, 50, 300, 320-21, 323, 326, 329-30 international monetary system and, 127, 129-30 monetary systems in, 265, 276 national bureaucracy in, 344-45 precapitalist formations in, 14, 16, 28-29, 43

rural development in tropical, 355-56

slave trade in, 22, 319-26, 331 social formation in, 317-33 See also specific listings Bloch-Laind, F., 271 Bodin, Jean, 104 Boers, see South Africa Bohm-Bawerk, Eugen v., 73, 79, 228-29

Bolsheviks, 374, 377, 378 Bonaparte, Napolean, 301 Bornu, 50

Bosanquest, Bernard, 105 Boserup, Ester, 356 Botswana, 318 Bourgeoisie, 30

capitalist production and, 23,

59

class polarization and, 293, 344 in periphery, 195-97, 214, 297-99, 301, 305-16, 338-47 world class struggle and, 359-61 See also Comprador bourgeoisie; Petty-bourgeois strata Bourguiba (Algerian leader), 316 Braun, Oscar, 150 Brazil, 207, 254, 264

social formation in, 235-39, 295-97, 380-82

Bukharin, Nikolai, 147

Bureaucracy peripheral national, 222, 276, 342-50

social structure and, 24, 25

Burma, 221

Burnham, James, 343

Burundi, 318

Byzantine Empire, 56

Cairo, 45

Cambodia, 55

Cameroon,.226, 318

Canada, 186, 226 capital flow and, 161, 162-63 development in, 57, 248, 366

Cantillon, Richard, 104

Cape Verde islands, 318, 319

Capital, 30, 60, 61 balance of payments and, 115-16, 122

international flow of, 160-63, 175-82, 184-88, 247-51, 258-60

marginal efficiency of, 81-82, 95, 98, 99, 101

Marx’s analysis of, 25-26, 35, 63-64, 145

mobility of, 138-39

monetary theory and, 79-84 organic composition of, 64-65, 98, 140, 141, 176-78, 189, 217, 228

ownership and circulation of, 222-23

production and intensity of, 164-67, 226-32

profit from commercial, 32, 63 rent compared to, 35 as a social relation, 25, 61-62 See also Constant capital;

Variable capital

Capital (Marx), 25, 73, 87, 173, 287, 293, 363

Capital (Marx) {continued)

Volume I, 25, 98 Volume II, 74, 96 Volume III, 25, 62, 64, 182

Capital accumulation, 70, 71, 204 in central formations, 72-78, 279 checking falling rate of profit, 287

imperialism and, 187-91 international balance of pay­ments and, 122 marginalization and, 363-64 Marx’s analysis of process of,

78, 85-87, 94, 95 money and, 84-88, 319 periphery and, 147, 149, 187-97, 259, 277-78, 287, 341 production expansion and, 234-35, 279

Soviet production and, 371, 373, 375, 376

technical progress and, 177-78, 189

See also Autocentric accumulation.^, Capitalist mode of production,'17, 57

capital accumulation and, 72-78, 279

checking falling rate of profit, 287 class division and, 23, 24, 35, 59, 293-94, 343-44

consumption and investment, choices of, 227-29 contradiction of consumption and production of, 73-74, 77, 92-93, 101,173-74, 179, 188, 224-25, 234-35, 359-60, 379 credit and, 88 crisis of, 10, 26, 252, 286-87 cycles and, 93-94 emergence of, 22, 30-36, 155-57, 203-04

failure to develop in Arab world, 36-48

failure to develop in Black Africa, 48-51 inherent tendency to expand markets, 171-75, 286-87

Marx’s analysis of, 145 periphery and, 183-91, 195-97, 200, 202, 362-64 productive forces and production relations for, 59-72, 363-64 productive labor and, 243-45 sectoral productivity and price system of, 217-18, 222-25

Soviet production and, 371-73, 376

surplus value transformed into profit by, 18, 25-26, 64-65

See also Central formations; Industrial capitalism; Mer­cantile capitalism; Monopoly capitalism; World capitalist system

Cardenas, Lazaro, 298 Cardoso, Fernando C., 297 Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 363-64 Cassel, Gustav, 79

Central African Republic, 318, 338 Central formations (center), 16, 22, 284, 357

African social formation and, 325-29

capital accumulation within, 72-78, 188, 210, 237.

balance ofpayments and, 104-16, 251-60

capitalism’s emergence and, 55-58

checking falling rate of profit in, 287

class consciousness in, 378-79 Classpoiarization in, 293-94, 344 income distribution in, 352 international trade and, 157-71, 282

mercantilist trade and, 155-57 monetary system and, 122-23, 126-31, 260, 261, 270, 272 new formations of, 57, 186, 202, 248-49, 365-69

Central formations (continued) peripheral dependence and, 143-49, 152-54, 180-97, 200-14, 245-46, 284-87 sectoral productivity and prices in, 215-26

Soviet production and, 374-75 tertiary sector in, 238-41 See also World capitalist system and specific listings

Ceylon, 221

Chabert, Alexandre, 262

Chad, 318, 338, 340 Chamberlin, Edward H., 245

Chicago economics school, 78, 83 Chile, 207, 297, 298

China

ancient imperial, 16, 20, 21, 23-24, 27, 45, 51-52 modern, 56, 157, 183, 264, 369 ' People’s Republic of, 44, 73,118, 213, 358, 378, 383

Chinese Revolution, 9 Circulation

balance of payments and, 263, 265-66

capital ownership and, 222-23 in precapitalist society, 19, 23 Cities (urban growth), 53

in Arab world, 38, 42-45, 47 capitalism’s emergence and, 32, 34, 204

in periphery, 241, 259, 337, 339, 345, 352-53, 357 Clairmonte, Frederick, 206, 299 Clan, 14, 320

Clark, Colin, 117, 242, 245, 279

Class (classes)

formation of, 18-24, 59

in periphery, 193-96, 203, 210, 277, 344

polarization of, 293-94, 344 precapitalist, 14, 15, 52 See also specific listings

Class consciousness, 378-79

Class struggle, 195-97. 351-64

Colombia, 221

Colonial mode of production, 203-04 Commodity exchange, 133 precapitalist, 14, 15, 17, 31-33, 60, 171

peripheral capitalism and, 204-05

Commodity production, 57, 377 capitalism and, 22, 30, 60, 145 peripheral capitalism and, 204-05 Soviet production and, 370, 371, 374

Common Market (European Eco­nomic Community, EEC), 103, 122, 125, 286

Communal mode of production, 13-14, 23

Communism, 311, 313

Community, see Village community Comparative advantages theory, 136-38, 160

expanding markets and, 172-75 trade terms and, 148-51, 169 Competition, 67, 184-85, 230 monopolies and, 90-91, 179, 245 peripheral capitalism and, 288 rate of profit and, 62, 63, 145, 223-24

Soviet production and, 373, 374

Comprador bourgeoisie, 349, 380 in Arab world, 314-15 in Latin America, 296-98, 338-39, 342, 344, 367

Condillac, E.

Conglomerate, 379

See also Monopolies; Trans­national firms

Congo-Brazzaville, 318, 331-32 Conjuncture, 104

periphery’s role in, 279-87 transmission of, 116-18

Constant capital, 61 expanded reproduction, 86 unequal exchange and, 140-42, 177, 185, 192, 325 '

See also Capital

Constantinople, 57

Consumer goods, 74, 89

capital accumulation and, 75-76 Marx’s analysis of production of (Department II), 85-87, 191 in periphery, 153, 156, 193, 353 Consumption, 98, 290

checking falling rate of profit, 287

contradiction of production and, 73-74, 77, 92-93, 101, 173-74, 179, 188, 224-25, 234-35, 359-60, 379

“general crisis” theory and, 177 inflation and, 273-74 international division of labor and, 211-14

investment and, 80, 82, 227-29 in periphery, 141, 193-95, 278, 285-86, 334-35, 348, 380

Soviet production and, 371, 374 Coquery, Catherine, 326 Cournot, Augustin, 107 Cox, Oliver C., 174 Craftsmen, 19, 23, 30, 57, 59, 156

in European free cities, 34

in periphery, 171, 206, 240-41, 323, 329

Crete, 16, 54 Credit, 173

capital accumulation and, 84, 87-89, 94-95

peripheral monetary system and, 262, 265-71

Crisis, 71, 92-93, 101, 177

of contemporary capitalism, 10, 26, 252, 286-87

credit repayment and, 89 increased rate of surplus value and, 74

international monetary system and, 118-31, 286

periphery and, 126-31, 287-92 Critique of Political Economy (Marx), 87

Critique of the Gotha Programme (Marx), 35, 63, 66

Crusades, 28

Cuba

colonial, 118, 207, 253, 334 socialist, 9, 298, 383

Cultural Revolution (China), 378 Culture, 27, 28

Currency system, 30

balance of payments and, 110, 113-14, 123-26, 253

in periphery, 264, 271-72, 274

See also Monetary system Cycles, 233, 252

autocentric accumulation and, 93-104

balance of payments, 116-17 marginalist theory of, 79 peripheral oscillation and, 279-83

Dacca, 299

Dahomey, 326

Damascus, 40, 42, 47

Darfu, 50, 322

Demand, see Supply and demand Democracy, 372-73

Department I (production of the means ofproduction), 74,137 expanded reproduction and, 85-87

Soviet production and, 371 Department II (production of con­sumer goods), 74, 137 expanded reproduction, 85-87 Dependence, 319

monetary system and, 258-78, 289

ofperiphery, 143-49, 152-54, 180-97, 200-14, 245-51, 284-87, 379-82

Depressions, 112, 264

of 1930s, 101-03

periphery’s role in recovery from, 283-84

See also Cycles

Dhoquois, Guy, 14

Diaz, Porforio, 297

Diile, Prophet, 321

Dike, Onwuka, 326

Dioula, 32, 326, 341

Division of labor, 71-72

expansion of capitalist market and, 184

peripheral capitalism and inter­national, 211-14, 381-82 precapitalist, 14, 18, 31 social, 73-74, 137 See also Specialization

Dodd, Maurice, 98

Dollar (U.S.), 118-19, 121-22, 124-26, 255, 260

Dutt, Rajani Palme, 206, 299

Dutt, Romesch C., 299

East Germany, 378

Eastern European socialist coun­tries, 118, 157, 343, 378 capitalis tworld market and, 22, 93, 190, 286

See also specific listings Economic instance (superstructure), 69

politico-ideological instance related to, 24, 368

Soviet production and, 372-74 Economic science (bourgeois), 10, 73

as ideology, 26, 60 international trade and, 131-32, 151

monetary theory and, 78, 269 and subjective theory of value, 136-37

Economiede traite, 318, 328-32, 335 Edgeworth, F.

Egypt, 20, 21, 206

agrarian capitalism in, 334, 335, 339

Arab world development and, 27, 29, 37, 38, 44-47

and “Asiatic” production, 16, 51-52 investment in, 207, 208, 248 social formation in, 240-42, 298, 300-14

Sudan and, 46-47, 322-23, 330

E⅛ypte nasserienne, L' (Riad), 305 Elitism, 372-74

Emmanuel, Arghiri, 138-42,144-45, 216

Employment, 231, 240-41 peripheral urban growth and, 352-53

stable-state and full, 75, 80

See also Underemployment; Un­Employment,

Enclosure Acts, 375

Engels, Frederick, 63, 199, 372 -England, see Great Britain Equilibrium exchange rate, 113-15 Essay on the Nature of Commerce (Condillac), 272

Ethiopia, 307, 369.

social formation in, 318, 319, 321, 332-33

Ethnicgroup, 27

Etruria, 16

Eurodollars, 125-26

Europe, feudal, 23 capitalism’s emergence from, 33-36, 47, 55

China and Egypt compared to, 51-54

nation formation and, 29-30

See also Eastern European social­ist countries; Western Euro­pean capitalist Countriesund specific listings

European Economic Community (EEC), see Common Market

European Free Trade Association, 122

Everyday life, critique of, 384

Exchange, see Commodity exchange;

International exchange

Exchange-effects theory, 108-10, 112, 262

Exchange-value, 133, 141

See also Value

Expanded reproduction, 187 capitalist world market and, 173-74

Marx’s analysis of, 85-87 Exports, see International trade Extractive industries, 167-68, 215 Extraversion, 263

origins of, 203-14 peripheral dependency and, 191-97, 237-38

Faidherbe, Louis Leon Cesar, 326 FaisaI I, 311

Falleto, Enzo, 297

Family, 14

Faird, Mohammed, 306

Fascism (Nazism), 344, 378 Fertile Crescent, 39-41, 47, 308-10 Fetishism, 25, 377

Feudal mode of production, 21, 55, 63, 243

capitalism’s emergence and, 31-36, 156-57

class form of, 23, 35 features of, 13, 15, 16 periphery and, 295, 296

Fisher, Irving, 79, 82

Foreign-exchange standard system, 264-67, 271

Fostat, 45

Fourastie (economist), 242

Franc (French),.127, 261

France, 21, 30, 103, 183, 292, 366 colonial policy of, 38, 302, 305, 308, 310-16, 320-21, 326, 327, 329, 333, 340, 341 foreign investment by, 158-59, 161, 163, 206, 247 productivity in, 165, 166

France, Bank of, 261

Frank, Andre Gunder, 297 Freedom, 35

Freetown (Sierra Leone), 331 French Equatorial Africa, 329, 331-32, 335

French West Africa, 318, 329

Fria complex, 209

Friedman, Milton, 78, 83

Fung, Sultantate of, 322

Furtado, Celso, 297

“Future Results OfBritish Rule in

India, The” (Marx), 199

Gabon, 292, 318

Galbraith, John K., 294, 343

GaIla (Ethiopia), 332

Gambia, 318

Gaul₁ 27

General Theory OfEmployment, In­terest and Money, The (Keynes), 95

Germany, 166, 183, 214, 249, 275 capital flow and, 161-63 Roman, 27 war reparation payments and, 105

See also East Germany; West Germany

Gezireh (Sudan), 46

Ghana, 29, 226, 292, 348 social formation in, 318, 327, 336 trade and, 43, 44, 50

Gold

capital accumulation and, 87-88, 235

international balance of pay­ments and, 104, 106, 109, 110, 113-14, 116-17, 118-20, 123-24, 254, 272

monetary convertability and, 84, 89-90, 267-68.

precapitalist trade and, 43, 49-50,.156

Gold Coast, 327, 329

GOncOl (economist), 147

Goree, 331, 340

Great Britain, 30, 103, 133-36, 151, 156, 164

capital flow and, 161-62, 206, 247 feudalism's breakup in, 21, 34, 64, 375

Great Britain {continued}

foreign trade and, 158, 159, 163, 183

international monetary system and, 124, 127

peripheral development and, 296, 298-99, 303, 305-07, 310-14, 324, 327, 330, 333, 365-68 productivity in, 165-66, 215 and U.S., 255-56

Greaves, Ida, 262

Greece, ancient, '20, 28, 32, 54-55, 58, 308

Gross domestic (national) product, 85, 289-90, 376

Ground rent

. feudal, 63, 65

peripheral capitalism and, 201, 205, 235, 246, 279-80, 284 Group of Ten, 127

Grundrisse (Marx), 51, 198 Guinea, 209, 226, 338 Guinea-Bissau, 318

Haberler, Gottfried, 116, 137, 279-80 Hama, 42

Han people, 52

Handicraft production, 15 Hanseatic League towns, 42, 156 Harrod, RoyF., 78, 96, 98, 99, 101, 176-77, 255

Hausa, 14, 29, 42, 50, 331, 340, 341 Heckscher, Eli F., 140

Hejaz, 39

Hicks, John R., 98-99 Hierarchy, 14, 19, 341

HiIan, Rizkalla, 310 Histadrut (Israel), 368

Historical materialism, 10, 363-64 Holding company, 379

Hoarding, 78, 80, 108, 234-35

See also Saving Holland, see Netherlands Homs, 42

Hong Kong, 213, 381 Horovitz (economist), 147

Horwitz, Ralph, 367

Husayn, Taha, 308

Hussein, Mahmoud, 313

Ibn Batuta, 43

Ibn Khaldun, 43

Ibo, 326, 331, 356

Ideology, 54, 298, 344, 380

See also Politico-ideological instance

ILO (International Labor Organiza­tion), 353

ImmigrantIaborforce, 220, 362, 382 Imperialism, 145,170,195, 305, 368 Arab world unity and, 300-02, 304, 305, 307, 308, 312, 314-17

capitalist development and, 76, 77, 187-91

Lenin’s theory of, 174-75 “Import-substitution” industry, 269, 297

inflation and, 274-75 peripheral development and, 209-10, 327

Imports, see International trade

Incas, 16, 57

Income, 176, 224 balance of payments and, 105-6, 111-14

investment theory and national, 79, 95-97

in periphery, 169-71, 259, 263, 281-83, 351-52, 357

sectoral productivity and, 217-18 See also Wages

Income-effect theory, 110-13, 114, 263

India, 27, 47, 151, 264 peripheral condition of, 156,183, 185, 199, 206, 207, 221, 238, 249, 289, 299, 335, 339, 382 precapitalist formation in, 16, 56 reserves held by, 128-29

Indochina, 16, 51-54, 58, 299 Indonesia, 37,207, 249, 276, 299, 357

Industrial capital, 67 Industrial Revolution, 31, 67, 183, 187, 203, 319

Industrial workers, 59, 240-41 Industrialization

inflation and, 274

in periphery, 209-10, 259, 269, 274-75, 288, 297, 327, 342-43, 349, 381

Soviet production and, 375 urban population and, 357 See also Technical progress Inflation, 251, 262

credit and, 84

development and nondevelop­ment, 11S-'1'1

international monetary crisis and, 114, 126

monetary systems and, 88-92 in periphery, 271-78, 348 Infrastructure, see Economic instance Interest rate, 109

cycles and, 98-99 international investment and, 227-28, 269

monetary theory and, 79-83 peripheral banks and, 267-68 Internal markets

periphery and, 192-93, 238, 381 precapitalist societies and, 17, 19-20, 22, 155, 171 International Bank of Reconstruc­tion and Development (IBRD, World Bank), 208, 226, 250, 314 International division of labor, see Division of labor International exchange, 155 balance of payments and, 106-15 national production and, 133-38 theory of, 146-49 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 103, 118, 119, 124, 126-30, 254, 276

International relations, 181-82

balance of payments and,

104- 32, 252, 255-60 expanding markets and, 172-75 unequal exchange and, 135, 146, 151

See also Central formations; Peripheral formations International specialization, see Specialization

International trade capita] flow and, 175-81 capitalism’s tendency to expand markets and, 171-75, 185 changing terms of, 163-71 foundations of specialization and, 133-38, 202

function of periphery in, 163-71, 183-91, 281-83, 288-91 monetary crisis and, 106-07_t 110, 118-19

world capitalist svstem and, 157, 246-47

Investment, 201 capital accumulation and, 85, 86, 88, 177 cycles and, 94, 95, 97-101 monetary theory and, 79-83, 234-39 "

peripheral dependency and, 246-51, 258-60, 289 peripheral production tech­niques and, 226-30 peripheral tertiary sector, 206-09 of U.S. capital into periphery, 161-62, 247-49, 380-81

Iran, 57, 129, 300, 301

Iraq, 37, 42, 47, 129 social formation in, 310-12, 314

Iraq Petroleum Company, 310 Irrigation, 52

Islam, 46

in Black Africa, 37, 50, 300, 320-21, 323, 326, 329-30 origins of, 39

Islamic world, 36-37

Israel, 37, 362

colonialism of, 302, 312, 314, 365, 368-69

Issawi, Charles, 206 Istanbul, 57, 308 Italy, 166, 204, 307, 333, 362

eclipse of Arab world and, 28, 308

exchange function of cities of, 32, 42, 50, 156

Ivory Coast

investment in, 207, 248, 250 social formation in, 240, 327, 329, 336-37, 347, 350

Jamaica, 221, 226

Japan, 157, 162, 165, 186, 210, 249 balance of payments and, 120, 121, 255

inflation and, Tlb-Tl

as new central formation, 55-56, 304, 369, 375

productivity in, 292, 356-57

U.S. and, 190, 214 JebeI-Druse, 41 Jews, 32, 315, 369 Jeziarah (Syria), 309, 310 Jordan, 37, 311 Judges, 24

KaIecki, Michal, 96, 225 Kaldor, N., 96

Kamil, Mustafa, 306

Kanem₁ 50

Kautsky, Karl, 377 Kenya, 204, 365

social formation in, 318, 327-28 Keynes, John Maynard, 79-83, 93, 95-96, 101, 103, 114, 124, 176, 177, 234-35, 245, 268 Khedives (of Egypt), 46, 185, 208, 302, 303, 323

Kilimanjaro region, 336 Kindelberger₁ Charles, 121, 255-57

Kondratiev, N.D., 90

Kongo kingdom, 355

Kuwait, 129, 238, 292

Labor, 35, 167

capitalist appropriation of sur­plus, 60-62

mobility of, 138-39 “organic composition” of, 189, 217

productive and unproductive, 244 sectoral productivity and, 215-26 social, 35, 59, 60, 66, 70, 73 supply of, 169-71

technical productivity and, 178, 228-30

unequal exchange and, 140-41, 148-50, 188, 192

value and, 105, 133, 145 See also Division of labor; Wages

Labor aristocracy, 170, 362

Labor power, 31, 33, 35, 218 as a commodity, 26, 30, 60, 69-70, 145

Soviet production and, 371 Labour Party (Great Britain), 377 Land, 205

capitalist agriculture and, 35-36, 63-66, 68

precapitalist formation and, 14-16, 23, 33, 65

Landowner (landlord) feudal, 23, 33, 53-54 peripheral social formation and, 334-35, 339, 340, 344

Language, 27, 28

Latifundia agriculture, see Agri-'∙ culture

Latin America, 108, 185, 209, 213, 275, 276, 334

comprador bourgeoisie in, 296-98, 338-39, 341, 344

currency systems in, 264 income distribution in, 351 Latin America (continued) international monetary system and, 127, 129, 130, 249-50, 254

precapitalist development in, 17-22, 50, 156, 157

sectoral productivity in, 215 social formation in, 295-98, 344

Laulagnel₁ Anne-Marie₁ 87 Lebanon, 29, 37

Lenin, V. L₁ 94, 286, 377 and capitalist expansion of market, 173-75 imperialism theory of, 187-91 Soviet production and, 378 on world proletariat, 360

Leontief, Wassily W., 137

Leopold ∏, King, 331

Lerner, A. P., 137

Lesotho, 318

Letter to Rossana Rossanda (Bettel- heim), 197

Levantines, 299, 305

Lever Brothers, 329, 332

Lewis, W, A., 149

Liberia, 318

Libya, 37, 44

LindhaI₁ E., 78

Liquidity international crisis of, 118-26,

190 periphery and, 126-31, 262 preference, 80-81, 83, 99, 176, 234-35

Lobel, Eli, 273

Locke, John, 104

Long-distance trade, 295 Arab world and, 36-48, 300 Black Africa and, 48-51 capitalism’s emergence and, 31-34, 36

class formation and, 19-20 national development and,' 28-30 among precapitalist societies, 17-18, 155-57

Lundberg₁ Ferdinand, 78

Luxemburg, Rosa₁ 85, 94, 377

and capitalist expansion of mar­kets, 173-74

and Marxist trade theory, 1'47

Machlup₁ Fritz, 111

Machover (economist), 368 McNamara, Robert, 353 Madagascar, 318, 319, 368 Magdoff, Harry, 248

Maghreb₁ 250

precapitalist development in, 37-38, 42-45, 50, 301

social formation in, 240-42, 315-17, 344, 365

See also specific listings Maghreb in the Modem World, The (Amin), 315

Mahdi₁ 46, 323-24 Mahdism₁ 29, 323-24

Malawi, 318, 368 Malaya, 299

Mali, 29, 108, 261, 276

trade and, 43, 44, 50, 338, 340 Malthus, Thomas, 93, 353 Mandates, British and French, 308-11

Mao Tse-tung, 197 Maoism, 360

Marcuse, Herbert, 379 Marginalist theory, 244

balance of payments and, 113-14

■ expanding market and, 172 international equilibrium and,

105- 06, 224

monetary system and, 78-80, 93, 106, 113-14

peripheral development and, 226-29

Marginalization, see Proletarianization Mark (West German), 125-26 Market, 100

capital flow and world, 157-63 capitalism’s tendency to expand, 171-75, 185, 188, 286-87

forms of, 145, 184-85

Market (continued)

and “law of markets,” 93-94 Luxemburg and, 85, 173-75 Soviet production and, 371-72, 375

Maronite Christians, 41 Marshall, Alfred, 137 Martinique, 366

Marx, Karl, 72, 92, 149, 195, 228, 229, 244, 286, 360, 383 accumulation process analyzed by, 78, 85-87, 94, 95 “Asiatic” production and, 51, ∙ 198-99

capital analyzed by, 25-26, 35, 63-64, 145

capitalist market expansion and, 173-74

cycle theory and, 96-99

falling rate of profit analyzed by, 287

fear of capitalist development in Asia, 9, 199

international trade and periphery analyzed by, 139, 146^⅛7, 182, 185, 187, 362-64 production analyzed by, 73-74, 177, 232

social-democracy criticized by, 62-63, 372, 377

value transformed into price and, 35, 61-62, 144-45, 150 Marxists, 178, 339

“Asiatic” production and, 51 international trade theory and, 147-48

Kautsky’s mechanistic view and, 377

1930s depression and, 101-02 Mashraq

precapitalist society in, 37-42, 45 social formation in, 304, 308 See also specific listings Mauritania, 37, 239

Mauritius, 318, 319, 324 Mayas, 57 ∙

Means of production, 54

Marx’s analysis of production of (Department I), 85-87, 191 productive forces and, 59-60 profit and, 35

Soviet production and, 371

Medina, 40

Mehemet Ali, 28, 46, 302, 304, 322

Meillassoux, Claude, 204

Meister, Albert, 337

Menelik, Negus_t 332

Mercantilist capitalism, 67 defined, 31 international trade and, 155-57 peripheral social formations and, 34, 155-57, 295-96, 300, 319-20, 322-25

Merchant class, 19, 23

Arab, 39, 40, 47, 50, 301 capitalism’s emergence and, 32-34, 157

national formation and, 27-28, 30 peripheral, 243-44, 296-98 Mesopotamia, 39-40

“Asiatic” production and, 16, 51-54, 58

Metzler, Lloyd A., 11

Mexico, 213

currency system in, 129, 264 development in, 297, 298, 335, 380, 381

Middle East, see Arab world and specific listings

Military, 24, 287, 344, 349, 374

Mining, 162, 163, 186, 188, 208, 244, 368

Misr Bank, 270, 305

Mode of production

class formation and, 23-24 relation of economic instance to politico-ideological instance and, 24-26

surplus and, 18-22, 24 types of, 13-16

See also Capitalist mode of pro­duction; Feudal mode of Mode of production {continued) production; Primitive- communal mode of produc­tion; Production; Simple petty-commodity mode of production; Slaveowning mode of production; Soviet mode of production; Tribute­paying mode of production Modigliani, Franco, 83 Monarchies, 30, 34 Monetary system

accumulation process and, 78-92 cycles and, 94-95 inflation and, 88-99 international crisis of, 116, 118-31, 191

monopoly capitalism’s “planning” and, 102-03

peripheral dependence and, 258-78

See also Currency system Money, 3'1, 113, 235 cycles and, 98-99 exchange rate for, in periphery, 264-65

Keynes’s theory of, 78-84 Money rent, 30, 34, 64 Money-wealth, 33, 36, 67, 319-20 Mongols, 28

Monopolies, 170, 294 autocentric accumulation and, 77, 188

bourgeois society and, 294, 344 capitalist crisis and, 92, 102-03, 359-60

competition and, 90-91, 179, 245 Lenin’s imperialism theory and, 174-75

state capitalism and, 370-71 surplus and, 77, 102, 179-81 unequal exchange and, 152-54, 224-25

See also Transnational firms Monopoly capitalism

capital flow and, 179-82, 185-89 capitalist production and, 67-69 cycles and, 102

theories of maturity and surplus in, 77, 100-04, 179-82, 225 Monopoly Capital (Baran and Sweezy), 77

Morocco, 29, 242 investment in, 207 social formation in, 37, 44, 315, 316, 317

Moslem Brotherhood, 313

Moslems, see Islam

Mozambique, 318, 368

Multinational corporations, see Transnational firms

Multiplier mechanism, 81, 111, 201, 280

cycle theory and, 92, 96-98 specialization and foreign capital on, 233-38

Murid region (Senegal), 329, 330, 334

Murshidabad, 299

Muscat, 47

Myrdal₁ Gunnar, 78, 79, 93

Nahda, 302, 304-05

Nasserism, 313, 314

National Bloc party (Syria), 314

Nation (nation state), 131-32, 152 capital-labor contract and, 75 emergence of modern, 28-30 defined, 27-28 international capitalism and, 103-04, 118, 125 in periphery, 238-39 See also State

Nationalism

in Arab world, 302, 305, 308, 310, 311, 316-17

peripheral petty-bourgeois, 317, 345

Soviet production and, 373, 374 Nationalization, 153, 251, 269, 313 Natural resources (raw materials), 182, 192, 358, 371, 383

Natural resources (.continued) monopoly control of, 66-67, 69, 70, 153-54

periphery supplying, 225-26, 325, 326

population explosion and, 353-54 for rent and capital, 35 socialist rational use of, 72 Nature (natural conditions), 14, 19, 52

environmental problems and, 66, 69

precapitalist alienation from, 376 Nazism (fascism), 344, 378 Neocolonialism, 380 Neo-Destour party (Algeria),. 317 Neoimperialism, 380 NEP (New Economic Policy), 371, 374

Netherlands, 21, 156, 158, 160, 299 New York Daily Tribune, 198 New Zealand, 21, 57, 157 Newlyn, Walter T., 262 Niger, 335

Niger Bend, 339 Nigeria, 221

foreign capital in, 334, 339, 341 social formation in, 318, 329, 336 1984 (Orwell), 379 Nogaro, B., 83, 107 Nomads, 42-44, 46-48, 300, 333 North, Douglass C., 366 North America, 185

peripheral formation in, 21, 57, 295, 296

settlement of, 365-66

. slavery in, 50

See also Canada; United States North Korea, 55, 118 Nun, Jose, 362-63

O’Hara (British governor), 325

Ohlin, Bertil G., 105, 110

Oil production, 102, 163, 186, 209, 310

Omayyard dynasty, 37, 40 One-Dimensional Man (Marcuse), 379

Oriental mercantilism, 322-24 Orwell, George, 379 Ottoman Empire, 28, 56, 57, 183, 298, 322

Arab world unity and, 37, 300-01, 304, 308, 310-11

Pakistan, 128-29, 299 Palestine, 38, 41, 42

Israeli colonialism and, 302,305, 312, 369

Palloix, Christian, 146, 147, 184-85 Paris, Treaty of (1783), 366

Party, Marxist, 377 Pavel (economist), 147

Peasantry, 59, 323

capitalism’s emergence and, 31, 33, 34, 36

in periphery, 280, 294, 297, 309, 330, 332-33, 348-49, 361

in percapitalist society, 15, 23, 38, 40, 44, 45, 48 Peripheral formations (periphery), 16, 22, 93

balance of payments and, 104, 110, 112, 115-16, 122-23, 126-31, 251-60, 283 capital investment into, 157-62, 233-39, 288-92, 297-98, 338-43, 346, 350 capitalism’s emergence and, 55-58

capitalist development in, 199-214, 287-92

class consciousness and, 379 conjuncture and role of, 279-87 dependency of, 143-49, 152-54, 180-97, 200-14, 245-51, 258-78, 284-87, 289, 319, 379-82

mercantilist capitalism and, 34, 155-57, 295-96, 300, 319-20, 322-25

Peripheral formations (continued) national bureaucracy in, 342-50

■ predominance of agrarian capi­talism in, 334-38, 349-50 production in, 215-33 social formation within, 293-95 tertiary sector in, 239-42 trade terms for, 167-71 transitional strategy for, 382-85 unequal exchange and, 143-54, 180-82

world class struggle and, 351-64 See also specific listings

Peron, Juan, 298 Perroux, Francois, 132

Persians, 37, 298 “Perverse mechanisms” thesis, 260-69

Petty, William, 104 Petty-bourgeois strata, 203, 380

Arab world and, 30, 306-07, 311, 313, 315, 316-17

peripheral national bureaucracy and, 345, 349, 350

Philippines, 221, 299 Phoenicia, 32, 40, 54

Physiocrats, 243 Pinto, Anibal₁ 215

Planning, 232, 371 Police, 24, 344 Politico-ideological instance (infra­structure), 69

economic instance relation to, 24, 368

Soviet production and, 372-74 Politics, 26, 68, 344

Pollution, 66 Poor Laws, 375

Population explosion, 353-55, 357, 358

Portendic₁- 321

Portugal, 30, 133-36, 156, 292, 327, 365

Pound sterling (British), 118, 123, 126, 127, 260 Poverty of Philosophy (Marx), 199 Prebisch, Raul, 169-70, 256-57 Precapitalist formations, 25, 70, 77 alienation in, 376 commodity exchange in, 17, 60, 171

modes of production of, 13-16 social formations of, 16-22, 55-58 See also specific listings

Preobrazhensky, Evgeny, 147 Price, 60

balance of payments and, 104,

106- 09, 112, 118-30, 263-64 monetary theory and, 81-84, 89-91

peripheral monetary systems and, 271, 272, 274

sectoral productivity and, 215-26 unequal exchange and, 140-42, 149-51, 153

value transformed into, 35, 61-63, 66, 68, 144-45, 150 Price-effects theory, 106-08, 109, 112 Primitive communism, 14, 19 Private property

capitalization of land and, 63-64, 68

Soviet production and, 370, 375 Processing industries, 162,163,168, 186

Production, 100, 164, 172 capital flow and, 178-79 contradiction of consumption and, 73-74, 77, 92-93, 173-74, 179, 188, 224-25, 234-35, 359-60, 379 and expanded reproduction, 85-87 ■ international division of labor and, 211-14

investment and, 80-82, 84, 234-36 price system and unevenness of, ^, 215-26

in periphery, 195, 226-33 unequal exchange and, 133-38, 140-43, 168

Production (continued)

See also Means of production; Mode of production. Production relations, 54 productive forces and, 59-62, 67-68, 71-72, 363-64

Soviet production and, 370 Productive forces, 54, 73

-production relations and, 59-62, 67-68, 71-72, 363-64

rate of surplus value and, 73-74, 191-92

value theory and, 136-37

See also Means of production Profit, 35, 74, 232, 244

accumulation and, 234-36 commercial, 32, 63

defined, 18, 170-71 falling rate of, 77, 97-98, 101, 178,182, 185, 191, 245, 287, 360-61

Marx’s analysis of, 25-26 merchant distinguished from capital, 32

price relation to, 61, 150 rate of, 62-64, 68, 138, 175, 179-80, 184

unequal exchange and, 140-42, 150-51, 153-54, 162, 168, 178-79, 223-27, 257, 280 Progress, see Technical progress Proletarianization, 14, 67

capitalism’s emergence and, 15, 31, 33, 36, 157, 203

in periphery, 149, 194, 205, 245, 339, 357-63

world class struggle and, 359-64 Proletariat, 319

capitalist production and, 23, 60, 64, 67, 293

class polarization and, 293, 344 offeudal European free cities, 34 peripheral social formation and, 195-97, 297, 313, 325, 327-28, 367

Soviet production and, 372, 378 world class struggle and, 359-61 Protestant ethic, 33, 365 Public expenditure, 241-42, 290-91, 348

Puerto Rico, 221

Quarmathian rebellion, 41, 324 Quantity money theory, 78, 82-84, 104, 108, 114, 137

Quelimane (Mozambique), 319, 321

Rachmuth (economist), 148 Racism, 220, 367

Raw materials, see Natural resources Religion, 24, 25, 26, 41, 47, 312 Reich, Wilhelm, 10

Rent, 170-71, 176

capital compared to, 35

ground, 63, 65, 201, 205, 235, 246, 279-80, 284

in kind, 22, 23, 30, 34, 64 money, 30, 34, 64 as profit, 63-65

Reserve army, industrial, 364 Reunion, 318, 319, 324

Rey, Pierre-Philippe, 35, 64, 204 Rhodesia, 221, 251, 262, 368

African social formation and, 327-28, 337, 365

labor market in, 149, 204, 362 Riad, Hassan, 303-04, 305-07, 308, 313

Ribeiro, Darcy, 21, 297 Ricardo, David', 101, 133-39, 146, 148, 175-76, 184-85, 243

Rio conference (IMF, 1967), 127 Robinson, Joan, 107, 114, 177, 224 Rodney, Walter, 326

Roman Empire, 20-22, 39, 42-43, 55, 58

Romania, 292

Rowan, D. C., 262

Ruling class, 62

monopoly and, 68, 69, 153

Ruling class (.continued)

national formation and, 27-28, 30

in periphery, 272, 301-6, 311-14, 334-38, 351-52

precapitalist societies and, 15, 17, 47-49

Russia, see Soviet Union Russian Revolution, 9, 374-75 Rwanda, 318, 336

Ryelandt, Bernard, 348

St. Louis (Senegal), 319-20, 331,340 Samory_r 326, 331

SamueIson₁ Paul A., 176 Santo Domingo, 325

Sarakole, 340 Saudi Arabia, 129 Saving

capital accumulation and, 79-81, 85, 86, 176-77

cycle and, 94, 95, 99-101 inflation and, 272-73 investment and, 234-35

Say, Jean-Baptiste, 105, 106, 184 Scandinavia, 150, 165

Schmaltz, Governor, 325 Schumpeter, Joseph, 78, 88 Science, 54, 72, 167, 358

See also Technical progress Senegal, 207, 250, 334

foreign capital in, 338, 341 social formation in, 238, 239, 320, 329

Shi’ites, 41, 47 Shishakli dictatorship (Syria), 314 Sidamo (Ethiopia), 332

Sierra Leone, 318 Silva Michelena, Hector, 21 Simple petty-commodity mode of production, class form of, 23 features of, 13, 15-19, 21

Sin.ai, 44 Singapore, 213, 381 Sismondi, J.-C.-L. Simonde de, 93

Slave trade, 15, 17, 22, 49-50, 156,

319-26, 331

Slaveowning mode of production,

19-21, 156, 296 in America, 17-22, 49-50 class form of, 23 features of, 13, 15-17 in Greece, 20, 54-55

Smith, Adam, 104, 146, 184-85, 243, 245

Social-democracy, 379 capital-labor contract and, 75, 92 Marx’s criticism of, 62-63, 372,

377

Social formations, 16-17, 27, 363 in American periphery, 295-98 in Arab and Asian periphery, 298-317

in Black Africa, 317-33

class polarization in center and, 293-94

and form of surplus, 18-21 historical sequence of, 21-22 See also Class

Social groups, 24

Social labor, 60 capital and, 35, 59, 73 socialism and, 70, 71-72 value and, 66

Social relations, 16, 376 capital as, 25, 61-62 price, profit, and wage deter­

mined by, 229

Social science (sociology), 10, 27,

66

Socialism, 70 capitalism superseded by, 62 in periphery, 317, 347, 383-85 rationality of, 71-72

Soviet mode of production and, 370-74, 376

state capitalism and, 68-69 Somalia, 318, 321

Songhay, 29, 43, 44 South Africa, 21, 57, 123

South Africa (.continued)

African social formation and, 249, 251, 318, 327, 382

Settlementof, 161, 162, 186, 362, 365, 367-69

South America, see Latin America

South Korea, 213, 221, 381

Soviet mode of production, 370-78

Soviet Union (Russia), 73, 123, 147, 157, 160, 161, 183, 186, 208, 249, 343

Arab peripheral formation and, 313, 314

Soviet mode of production and, 370-78

state capitalism in, 24, 69, 344, 370-71

Spain, 30, 57, 156, 300, 365 Specialization, 155, 164, 182, 208, ^247, 279, 349 defined, 202 for industrial and agricultural countries, 183

international trade and, 133-38, 147, 148, 157

peripheral development and, 186-90, 200-02, 227, 232-33, 253, 291

Sraffa, Piero, 61, 150, 224, 229 Stalin, Joseph, 27, 375, 378 Standard Oil of New Jersey, 180 State, 195, 368

bureaucracy and, 24 capital crisis and, 93, 102 monopoly capitalism and, 77, 359-60

periphery and, 241-42, 245, 276, 341-50

Soviet production and, 370-72 tribute-paying production and, 15,19,33,53.

See also Nation

State bourgeoisie, 24

State capitalism

falling rate of profit and, 77 labor as a commodity and, 70 in periphery, 310, 313-14, 345-47, 349, 380 social-democracy and, 63 in Soviet Union, 24, 69, 344, 370-71

State-class, 23-25, 27, 29, 30, 52, 53, 372, 374

Subjective theory of value, 78, 82, 136-37, 146, 150

Sudan, 29, 37, 334, 339 as both African and Arab, 46-47 social formation in, 318, 321, 322-24, 329-30

Suez Canal, 314

Sukarno, Achmed, 276, 299 Sunni doctrine, 41, 42, 47 Superstructure, see Politico-ideo­logical instance

Supply and demand, 60, 258, 274 international equilibrium and, 100-01, 105-06, 149

saving and, 234-35 trade terms and, 169

Surat, 299

Surplus (surplus product), 23, 31, 63, 184, 332

class formation and, 18-22 economic instance determining, 24-25

monopoly capitalism and, 77, 102, 179-81, 225 national formation and, 27-30 precapitalist societies and, 14, 15’ 17, 25, 37-38, 42-44, 235 and production techniques, 229-31

Soviet production and, 372

Surplus value, 18, 69, 176-77, 352 from agricultural and industrial capital, 64-65 commercial capital and, 32 credit and, 270 cycle and increase in, 98 expanded reproduction and, 85-86 Surplus value (continued} market expansion and, 173-74, 185

Marx’s analysis of, 25 productive forces and, 73-74, 191-92

rate of profit and, 62, 178-81, 287, 360-61

“squandering” of, 244-45 See also Value

Swaziland, 318 Sweden, 249 Swedish economics school, 80 Sweezy, Paul, 77,102,179-80, 225, 245 Syria, 37, 38, 40, 44

social formation in, 302, 304, 308-10, 311-12, 314

Taiwan, 213, 221, 381 Tangier, 47 Tanzania, 221, 318, 368 Tanzimat reforms (1839), 310 Tariff policies, 151-52

Taussig, Frank W., 137, 152, 176 Taxation, 204, 223, 241-42, 290, 323, 325, 328, 348 Technical progress (technology), 164, 176, 179 capital-output and, 164-71, 177-78

capitalist expansion and, 62, 189-90, 286-87 cycles and, 100 development line of, 21-22 peripheτaΓdevelopment and, 135, 353, 383-85

See also Industrialization Technocrats, 75, 344, 379 Technological dependence, 154,. 195, 251, 357, 379-80 Tertiary sector

output of, in Latin America and U.S., 215

in periphery, 162,163,188,200-01, 206-07, 239-46, 288

Thailand, 129, 299-300, 357, 369 ' Thion, Serge, 367

Third Estate, 303-05, 339

See also Craftsmen; Petty- bourgeois strata

Third World, see Peripheral forma­tions and specific listings Time-prospect, 70-71

Togo, 318, 329 Toorodo revolution (1776), 321 Toucouleurs, 14, 321

Trade, see Internal trade; Interna­tional trade; Long-distance trade

Trade Cycle, The (Harrod), 96 Trade unions, 75, 92, 270, 343, 378 Transitional strategy, 382-85 Transjordan, see Jordan Transmission theories, 116-18, 279-83, 297

Transnational firms, 75, 200, 211

balance of payments crisis and, 118, 125-26

international banks and, 269-70 peripheral consumption patterns and, 195

structural reorganization of capi­talism and, 189, 381-82

See also Monopolies Trarza Moors, 321 Tribute-paying mode of production, 38, 45, 295

blocking development of, 51-58 class form of, 23

features of, 13-17

feudal Europe and, 33-34 national formation and, 27-28, 30 predominance of, 19-21 Soviet production and, 370 Triffin, Robert, 124 Trotsky, Leon, 378

Trust, 379 Tunis, 44 Tunisia, 37, 242

investments in, 207

Tunisia (continued)

social development in, 29, 318, 316, 317

Turks, 37, 301, 311

UDEAC, 248 Uganda, 318, 336

Umma party (Egypt), 306 UNCTAD (United Nations Com­mittee for Trade and Devel­opment), 154, 212

Underdeveloped countries, see Peri­pheral formations

Und erdevelopment

development of, 190-91, 292 features of, 201-02, 381 peripheral dependence and, 246-51 unproductive activities and, 242-46 Underemployment, 80, 101, 179, 194, 219, 225, 352, 357 Unemployment, 179

balance of payments and, 114-15 capital accumulation and, 74-75 depression and, 284

in periphery, 194, 201, 219, 241, 245, 297, 313, 349, 352-54, 357, 361, 385

Unequal exchange

Classstruggleand, 195-97, 358-59 emergence of extraversion and, 206, 211

national production and, 134-35 terms of trade and, 163-71, 181-82, 187

theory of, 138-54

See also Dependence; Peripheral formations

Unequal Exchange (Emmanuel), 138

Unilever, 143, 186 UnitedFruit, 143, 186

United States, 56, 103, 157-59, 160, 186, 190, 240, 276

and Arab peripheral formation, 312-14 balance of payments crisis and, 119-27, 255

black workers in, 220, 362 capitalist development in, 186-87, 272, 365-66, 375

Europe and, 173, 190, 214, 255-56, 286

foreign investment by, 161-62, 173,182, 206, 247-49, 380-81

income distribution in, 351 mercantilist capitalism in, 21, 34, 57, 365

monopoly profits in, 179-80 productivity in, 165-66, 215, 292 slaveowning production in, 17, 22 Urban growth, see Cities Use-value, 133, 141

See also Value

U.S.S.R., see Soviet Union

Value

exchange-value and, 133, 141 labor theory of, 105, 133, 145 money and, 78

in precapitalist formations, 60-61 subjective theory of, 78, 82, 136-37, 146, 150

transformed into price, 35, 61-63, 66, 68, 144-45, 150

unequal exchange and, 141,

143- 45, 149

use-value and, 133, 141

See also Surplus value

Valu e-transformation models,

144- 45

Vargus, Getulio D., 297

Variable capital, 177

expanded reproduction and, 86 unequal exchange and, 140-42, 192, 325

Venezuela, 129, 292

Venice, 156 Vietnam, 9, 55, 118

Vietnam war, 120, 124

Vilayets₁ 308

Village community, 27, 204 ethnic group and, 27 African social formation and, 320, 323, 325, 330

"Asiatic” production and, 51, 53, 198

precapitalist societies and, 15, 17, 23

Volta people, 336 Voltaire, 366 Von Mises, Ludwig, 82

Waalo-waalo (WoIof), 320-21, 325-26

Wafd party (Egypt), 306-07, 311 Wage workers (wage earners), 19, 34, 35. 36

Wages, 176

capital accumulation and, 74-76 in center, 169-70, 188, 220, 273, 284, 362

for consumption and investment, 227-31

cycles and, 97-98 fetishistic character of, 26 monopoly profits and, 91-92 in periphery, 141^42, 149-51, 153, 161-62, 169-70, 178, 181, 185, 188, 192-94, 200, 206, 208-11, 218-21, 223, 236. 273-74, 280, 347-48, 362, 381

relation to prices, 61, 150 Walras, Auguste, 105, 106 Weber, Max, 33, 365 West Germany, 121 West Indies, 296, 324, 365 Western European capitalist countries, 157, 162, 210, 240

balance of payments crisis and, 120-22, 125, 255, 278 capitalist development, 186-87,272 foreign investment by, 188

U.S. and, 173, 190, 214, 255-56, 286

See also Europe, feudal and specific listings

Wicksell, Knut, 79, 93, 105, 110 Women, 205, 340, 341

Working class

capital-labor contract and, 75, 91-92, 377

in center and periphery, 219-24, 359-61, 378

in Israel, 368-69

Soviet production and, 374 in Zaire, 276

World Bank (International Bank of Reconstruction and Develop­ment, IBRD). 208, 226, 250, 314

World capitalist system, 22, 235 class struggle and, 195-97, 351-64

international trade and, 157, 244 periphery integrated into, 189-91, 240, 288, 309

See also Capitalist mode of pro­duction; Central formations

Yemen, 29, 47, 369

Yen (Japanese), 125-26

Young central formations, 57, 186, 202, 248-49, 365-69

YoungTurk reform movement, 311 Yugoslavia, 190, 374, 378

Zahran₁ Saad, 27

Zaire, 207, 222, 276, 318, 338 Zambia, 207, 221, 318, 368 Zanzibar, 47, 324 Zimbabwe, 318

Zionism, 302, 305, 307, 308, 312-13, 314, 368

I have defined the capitalist mode of production as being characterized by the exclusive appropriation by one class of means of production that are themselves the product of social labor. This exclusive appropriation by a certain class, although it has histor­ically taken the form of individual ownership of the means of production, may also take collective forms. Capitalism exists wher­ever means of production that have been produced by social labor - are not managed by society as a whole but by a section of the ■ latter, which then becomes a “bourgeoisie.” Capitalism makes its ^:. appearance when the level of development of the productive forces'ⁱ is sufficiently advanced for these means of production, which are ' themselves products, to be no longer simple enough to be man­ageable by the individual producer. The traditional peasant and craftsman make their own tools. Industrial workers cannot make their own factories. Consequently, the center of gravity of the

59

In the capitalist^mode, not only are the means of production that are produced by social labor substantial, but they are owned exclusively by one class, and so they play a predominant role in society. The surplus labor provided by the producers is distributed among the members of the dominant class in proportion, to the

rate of wages and~the rate of profit ;~it shows th at economic rationality is. not an absolute, that it stands no higher than..the rationality of the social relation that determines the division of Hncome between wages and profits, in other words, the division~of -^QciaUabor timejnto paid labor_and surplus labor. The descrip­tion does not, for all that, enableuT~tb~understand how the capitalist mode began and how it developed, since it assumes this mode as given.

The Marxist critique of political economy alone furnishes the system of concepts needed for this purpose, by approaching the task of explanation from the appropriate angle, which is not that of economics but of historical materialism. If the transformation of values into prices, as Marx analyzes this in Volume III of