NOTES TO CHAPTER 20

¹ Many of the papers from this conference appeared in Edith Kuiper and Jolande Sap, editors, Out of the Margin: Feminist Perspectives (New York: Routledge, 1995).

² Marianne A.

³ Trevor Lloyd, Suffragettes International: The World-wide Campaign for Women’s Rights (New York: American Heritage Press, 1971).

⁴ Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, first published 1949 (New York: Knopf, 1971); Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, first published 1963 (New York: W.W. Norton, 2001).

⁵ George Akerlof, Michael Katz, and Janet Yellen, ‘‘An Analysis of Out-of-Wedlock Births in the U.S.,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 111: 2 (1996), 277—317; Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz, ‘‘The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women’s Career and Marriage Decisions,’’ Journal of Political Economy 110:4 (2002), 730—70.

⁶ Susan Faludi, Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women, first published 1991 (Three Rivers Press, 2006); Nancy Folbre and Barnet Wagman, ‘‘The Feminization of Inequality: Some New Patterns’’ Challenge (1988), 56—9.

⁷ Christie Farnham, The Impact of Feminist Research in the Academy (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987); Elizabeth Langland, Walter R. Gove, A Feminist Perspective in the Academy: The Difference it Makes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983).

⁸ See survey results described in Randy Albelda, Economics and Feminism. Disturbances in the Field (New York: Twayne, 1997).

⁹ For the text of this statement see http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/ platform/plati.htm, accessed July 13, 2008.

¹⁰ Paula England, Comparable Worth: Theories and Evidence (Edison, NJ: Aldine Trans­action, 1992).

¹¹ Heather Joshi, ‘‘The Cash Opportunity Costs of Childbearing: An Approach to Esti­mation using British Data,” Population Studies 44 (1990), 41—60; Jane Waldfogel, The Effect of Children on Women’s Wages,” American Sociological Review 62 (1997), 209—17.

¹² Harriet B. Presser, ‘‘Decapitating the U.S. Census Bureau’s ‘Head of Household’: Feminist Mobilization in the 1970s,’’ Feminist Economics 4:3 (1998), 145—58.

¹³Jocelyn Elise Crowley, ‘‘The Gentrification of Child Support Enforcement Services, 1950—1984,’’ Social Service Review (2003), 585—604.

¹⁴ M. Grosh and P. Glewwe, ‘‘A Guide to Living Standards Measurement Study Surveys and Their Data Sets,’’ LSMS Working Paper no. 120, (Washington: The World Bank, 1995).

¹⁵ Daisy Dwyer and Judith Bruce, eds, ‘‘A Home Divided: Women and Income in the Third World’’ (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987); Paula England and George Farkas, Households, Employment, and Gender (Piscataway, NJ: Aldine, 1984).

¹⁶ Marilyn Waring, If Women Counted. A New Feminist Economics (New York: Harper and Row, 1988). Epigraph, p. 319.

¹⁷ For more information on the American Time Use Survey, see http://www.bls.gov/tus/

¹⁸ Katherine Abraham and Christopher Mackie, eds, Beyond the Market (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Science, 2005).

¹⁹ Nancy Folbre, ‘‘Inequality and Time Use in the Household,’’ in Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality, Wiemer Salverda, Brian Nolan, and Timothy Smeeding, eds (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).

²⁰Edith Kuiper, The Most Valuable of All Capital (Amsterdam: Tinbergen Institute Research Series, 2000), p. 124.

²¹ An early analysis of similarities between incentive problems in firm and family is provided in Paula England and George Farkas, Households, Employment, and Gender.

²² Nancy Folbre and Julie Nelson ‘‘For Love or Money?,” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14:4 (2000), 123—40.

²³ Nancy Folbre and Robert Goodin, ‘‘Revealing Altruism,” Review of Social Economy 62:1 (2004), 1—25.

²⁴ Paula England, ‘‘The Separative Self: Androcentric Bias in Neoclassical Assumptions,” in Ferber and Nelson, Beyond Economic Man; ‘‘Separative and Soluble Selves: Dichotomous Thinking in Economics,” in Ferber and Nelson, Feminist Economics Today, pp. 33—59; Julie Nelson, ‘‘Thinking about Gender and Value,” pp. 3—19 in Julie A. Nelson, Feminism, Objectivity, andEconomics (New York: Routledge, 1996); Nancy Folbre, ‘‘Hearts and Spades: Paradigms of Household Economics,” World Development 14:2 (1986), 245—55.

²⁵ George A. Akerlof and Rachel E. Kranton, ‘‘Economics and Identity,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics CXV:3 (2000), 715—53; Gary Charness, Luca Rigotti, and Aldo Rusti- chini, ‘‘Individual Behavior and Group Membership,” The American Economic Review 97:4 (2007), 1340—52.

²⁶ Robert Costanza, Ralph d’Arge, Rudolf de Groot, Stephen Farber, Monica Grasso, Bruce Hannon, Karin Limburg, Shahid Naeem, Robert V. O’Neill, Jose Paruelo, Robert G. Rankin, Paul Sutton, Marjan van den Belt, ‘‘The Value of the World’s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital,’’ Nature 387 (1977), 253—9.

²⁷ William Nordhaus, A Question of Balance. Weighing the Options on Global Warming Policy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008); P.

²⁸ Ronald Coase, ‘‘The Nature of the Firm,’’ Economica 4 (1937), 386—485; Oliver Wil­liamson, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting (New York: Free Press); J. E. Stiglitz, ‘‘The Causes and Consequences of the Dependence of Quality on Price.’’ Journal of Economic Literature 25 (1987), 1—48.

²⁹ Robert A. Pollak, ‘‘A Transaction Cost Approach to Families and Households,’’ Journal of Economic Literature 23 (1985), 581—608; Nancy Folbre, Valuing Children, Rethinking the Economics of the Family (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), Chapter 2.

³⁰ Nancy Folbre, ‘‘Reforming Care,’’ in Janet Gornick, Marcia Meyers, and Erik Olin Wright, eds. Gender Egalitarianism, forthcoming, Verso.

³¹Nancy Folbre, ‘‘When a Commodity is Not Exactly a Commodity,’’ Science 319:5871 (2008), 1769—70.

³² Paula England and Nancy Folbre, ‘‘The Cost of Caring,’’ Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 561 (1999), 39—51; Nancy Folbre, Valuing Children.

³³ Maria Charles and David B. Grusky, Occupational Ghettos (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004).

³⁴ Paula England, Michelle Budig, and Nancy Folbre, ‘‘Wages of Virtue: The Relative Pay of Care Work,’’ Social Problems 49:4 (2002), 455—73.

³⁵ Lee Badgett and Nancy Folbre ‘‘Job Gendering: Occupational Choice and the Labor Market,” Industrial Relations 42:2 (2003), 270—98.

³⁶ Jane Waldfogel, ‘‘Understanding the ‘Family Gap’ in Pay for Women with Children,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12:1 (1998), 137—56.

³⁷ Janet Gornick and Marcia Meyers, Families That Work (New York: Russell Sage, 2003); Heather Joshi, ‘‘The Cash Opportunity Costs of Childbearing: An Approach to Estimation using British Data,’’ Population Studies 44 (1990), 41—60; Jane Waldfogel, ‘‘The Effect of Children on Women’s Wages,’’ American Sociological Review 62 (1997), 209—17; Michelle Budig and Paula England., ‘‘The Wage Penalty for Motherhood,’’ American Sociological Review 66 (2001), 204—25; Shelley Phipps, Peter Burton, and Lynn Lethbridge, ‘‘In and Out of the Labour Market: Long-Term Income Consequences of Child-Related Interruptions to Women’s Paid Work,’’ Canadian Journal of Economics 34 (2001), 411—29.

³⁸ Nancy Folbre, ‘‘Disincentives to Care: A Critique of U.S. Family Policy,’’ Chapter 11, pp. 231—61 in The Future of the Family, eds. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Timothy Smeeding, and Lee Rainwater (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2005).

³⁹ Nancy Folbre, Valuing Children.

⁴⁰ Jerry A. Jacobs and Kathleen Gerson, The Time Divide. Work, Family, and Gender Inequality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004).

⁴¹ Nancy Folbre and Thomas Weisskopf, ‘‘Did Father Know Best? Families, Markets and the Supply of Caring Labor,’’ in Economics, Values and Organization, eds. Avner Ben-Ner and Louis Putterman, pp. 171—205 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

⁴² Badgett and Folbre, ‘‘Job Gendering.’’

⁴³ Alex Williams, ‘‘Putting Money on the Table,’’ New York Times, September 23, 2007.

⁴⁴ Julie Brines, ‘‘Economic Dependency, Gender, and the Division of Labor at Home,’’ American Journal of Sociology 100:3 (1994), 652—88; Michael Bittman, Paula England, Liana Sayer, Nancy Folbre, and George Matheson, ‘‘When Does Gender Trump Money? Bargain­ing and Time in Household Work,’’ American Journal of Sociology 109:1 (2003), 186—214.

⁴⁵ Pamela Stone, Opting Out? Why Women Really Quit Careers and Head Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007).

⁴⁶ Lee Badgett, Money, Myths, and Change: The Economic Lives of Lesbians and Gay Men (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).

⁴⁷ Albert O. Hirschman, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organiza­tions, and States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970).

⁴⁸ Susan Pinker, The Sexual Paradox: Men, Women and the Real Gender Gap (New York: Scribner, 2008); Shelley E. Taylor, The Tending Instinct (New York: Holt, 2003).

⁴⁹ Daniel Ariely, Predictably Irrational (New York: Harper Collins, 2008); Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge.

⁵⁰ Bruno Frey, Not Just for the Money. An Economic Theory of Personal Motivation. (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1997); Herbert Gintis, Samuel Bowles, Robert T. Boyd, and Ernst Fehr, eds. Moral Sentiments and Material Interests: The Foundations of Cooperation in Economic Life (Cambridge, MIT Press, 2006).

⁵¹ Joseph Henrich, Robert Boyd, Samuel Bowles, Colin Camerer, Ernst Fehr, and Herbert Gintis, eds. Foundations of Human Sociality: Economic Experiments and Ethnographic Evidence from Fifteen Small-Scale Societies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).

⁵² Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, ‘‘Is Equality Passe?” and Nancy Folbre, ‘‘Bad Behavior,” Boston Review, December/January 1998, available on line at http://bostonreview.net/ BR23.6/, accessed January 21, 2009.

⁵³ Muriel Niederle and Lise Vesterlund, ‘‘Do Women Shy Away from Competition? Do Men Compete Too Much?” Quarterly Journal of Economics 122:3 (2007), 1067—101.

⁵⁴ Uri Gneezy, Muriel Niederle, and Aldo Rustichini, ‘‘Performance in Competitive Environments: Gender Differences,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 118:3 (2003), 1049—74.

⁵⁵ Richard Easterlin, ‘‘Does Money Buy Happiness,” Public Interest 3 (1973), 3—10; Robert Lane, ‘‘Does Money Buy Happiness,” Public Interest 113 (1993), 56—65.

⁵⁶ For a general discussion of these measures see D. Kahneman, E. Diener, and N. Schwarz, Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1999); David Blanchflower and Andrew Oswald, ‘‘Well-Being Over Time in Britain and the U.S.A.” Journal of Public Economics 88:7—8 (2004a), 1359—86.

⁵⁷ ‘‘Global Gender Gaps,” Pew Global Attitudes Project, http://pewglobal.org/commentary, accessed August 30, 2007.

⁵⁸ Betsey Stevenson and Justin Wolfers, ‘‘The Paradox of Declining Female Happiness,” Working Paper, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Draft of September 17, 2007, available at http://bpp.wharton.upenss.edu/jworkers/Papers, accessed January 21, 2009.

⁵⁹ David G. Blanchflower and Andrew J. Oswald, ‘‘Money, Sex, and Happiness: An Empirical Study,” Scandinavian Journal of Economics 106 (2004b), 393—415.

⁶⁰ Elizabeth A. Armstrong, Paula England, and Alison C. K. Fogarty, ‘‘Orgasm in College Hookups and Relationships,” forthcoming in Families as They Really Are, Barbara Risman, ed.

⁶¹ Daniel Gilbert, Stumbling on Happiness (New York: Knopf, 2006), p. 219.

⁶² Adam Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiments (New York: Augustus Kelley, 1966), Book IV, I, 8, ρ. 263.

⁶³ Jack Hirshleifer, ‘‘The Dark Side of the Force,” Economic Inquiry XXXII (1994), 1—10; Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel. The Fates of Human Societies (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997).

⁶⁴ Julie Nelson, Economics for Humans (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006).