NOTES TO CHAPTER l8

¹ Susan Pedersen, Family, Dependence, and the Origins of the Welfare State. Britain and France 1914—1945 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, Mothers of a New World.

² For an interesting take on the sexual double standard in twenty-first century U.S. where sexually active women are often termed ‘‘sluts’’ while their male counterparts are termed ‘‘players’’, see Paula England, Emily Fitzgibbons Shafer, and Alison C. K. Fogarty, ‘‘Hook­ing Up and Forming Romantic Relationships on Today’s College Campuses,’’ in The Gendered Society Reader, ed. Michael Kimmel. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).

³ Theodore M. Porter. Karl Pearson. The Scientific Life in a Statistical Age. (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), p. 283.

⁴ Karl Pearson, TheEthicofFree Thought (London: Adam and Charles Black, 1901), p. 373.

⁵ Jane Lewis, The Politics ofMotherhood. Child and Maternal Welfare in England, 1900—1939 (London: Croom Helm, 1980), p. 201.

⁶ Alfred Marshall, Letter to Louis Dumor, in Memorials of Alfred Marshall, A. C. Pigou, ed. (New York: Augustus Kelley, 1966).

7

10

Lewis, Politics of Motherhood, p. 143.

Pedersen, Family, Dependence, and the Origins of the Welfare State, pp. 25—78.

Frances Walker, ‘‘Restriction of Immigration,” Atlantic Monthly 25 (June 1896): 822—9.

Carlos C. Closson, ‘‘The Real Opportunity of the So-Called Anglo-Saxon Race”,

Journal of Political Economy 9 (1900), p. 96.

¹¹ ‘‘Mr. Roosevelt’s Views on Race Suicide”, Ladies Home Journal, February 1906, p.

¹² Lawrence B. Glickman, A Living Wage. American Workers and the Making of Consumer Society (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997); Alice Kessler-Harris, A Woman’s Wage. Historical Meanings and Social Consequences (Lexington: University of Kentucky, 1990).

¹³ Martha May, ‘‘Bread Before Roses: American Workingmen, Labor Unions and the Family Wage,’’ in Ruth Milkman, ed., Women, Work and Protest. A Century of U.S. Women’s Labor History (Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985), p. 2.

¹⁴ See section 42; available online at http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/ accessed January 11, 2009.

¹⁵ John Ryan, A Living Wage, (first published 1906) (New York: The Macmillan Com­pany, 1920), p. 101.

¹⁶ B. Seebohm Rowntree and Frank D. Stuart, The Responsibility of Women Workers for Dependents (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921).

¹⁷ F. Y. Edgeworth, ‘‘Equal Pay to Men and Women for Equal Work,’’ Economic Journal XXXIL128 (1922), p. 449. See also his ‘‘Women’s Wages in Relation to Economic Welfare’’, Economic Journal XXXIIL132 (1923), 487—95.

¹⁸ Sophonisba Breckenridge, ‘‘The Home Responsibilities of Women’’, The Journal of Political Economy 31:4 (1923), p. 538.

¹⁹ Margaret Cole, The Story of Fabian Socialism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1961).

²⁰ H. G. Wells, Socialism and the Family (London: A. C. Fifield, 1906); New Worlds for Old (New York: MacMillan, 1919); The Work, Wealth, and Happiness of Mankind (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1931).

²¹ Independent Review, November 1906, cited in G. R. Searle, A New England. Peace and War 1886—1918 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005) p. 380.

²² Pedersen, Family, Dependence, and the Origins of the Welfare State.

²³ Jane Lewis, Women in England 1870—1950: Sexual Divisions and Social Change (Sussex: Wheatsheaf, 1984), p.

²⁴ Carole Seymour-Jones, Beatrice Webb (Chicago: Ivan Dee, 1992).

²⁵ Lewis, Women in England, p. 97.

²⁶ Beatrice Webb, Our Partnership (London: Longmans, Green, 1948), p. 149.

²⁷ Sidney Webb, The Decline in the Birth Rate (London: The Fabian Society, 1907), pp. 16—17.

²⁸ Beatrice Webb, The Wages of Men and Women: Should They be Equal? (London: The Fabian Society, 1919), p. 68.

²⁹ George Bernard Shaw, The Intelligent Woman’s Guide to Socialism and Capitalism (New York: Brentano’s, 1928). The ‘‘last will and testament to humanity” quote appears on the cover of this edition.

³⁰ Eleanor Rathbone, ‘‘The Remuneration of Women’s Services’’, The Economic Journal, XXVII (1917): 54—68; The Disinherited Family (London: Edward Arnold and Company, 1924).

³¹ Rathbone, The Disinherited Family, p. 10.

³² Rathbone, The Disinherited Family, p. 16.

³³ F. Y. Edgeworth, ‘‘Equal Pay to Men and Women for Equal Work’’, The Economic Journal, XXXIII:131 (1922), p. 445.

³⁴ Pedersen, Family, Dependence and the Origins of the Welfare State, p. 181.

³⁵ Rathbone’s use of the word ‘‘Turk’’ may reflect Prayer Book usage. Anglican Good Friday prayers used to intercede for ‘‘all Jews, Turks, heretics and infidels’’ where the word ‘‘Turk’’ was synonymous with Muslim (A. M. C. Waterman, personal communication),

³⁶ Rathbone, The Disinherited Family, p. 217.

³⁷ U.S. Women’s Bureau, State Laws Affecting Working Women, Bulletin No. 16. Washing­ton: Government Printing Office, 1921.

³⁸ Nancy F. Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), p. 205.

³⁹ Residents of Hull House, Hull House Maps and Papers, first published 1895 (New York: Arno Press, 1970).

⁴⁰ Frank W. Taussig, ‘‘Minimum Wages for Women’’, Quarterly Journal of Economics XXX:3 (1916), 411—42.

⁴¹ Dorothy Douglas, ‘‘The Cost of Living for Working Women: A Criticism of Current Theories’’, Quarterly Journal of Economics XXXIV:2 (1920), 209—59.

⁴² Sophonisba B. Breckinridge, ‘‘The Home Responsibilities of Women’’, Journal of Political Economy 31:4 (1923), p. 535.

⁴³ Paul H. Douglas, Wages and the Family (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1925).

⁴⁴ Edward Heiman, ‘‘The Family Wage Controversy in Germany’’, Economic Journal XXXIII (1923): 509—15; J. H. Richardson, ‘‘The Family Allowance System’’, Economic Journal XXXV (1924), 373—86.

⁴⁵ Nancy Folbre, ‘‘Sleeping Beauty Awakes: Self-Interest, Feminism, and Fertility in the Early Twentieth Century’’, Social Research 71:2 (2004), 343—56.

⁴⁶ J. A. and Olive Banks argue that it played virtually no role. See their Feminism and Family Planning in Victorian England (New York: Schocken Books, 1964). Angus McLaren persuasively argues just the opposite in Birth Control in Nineteenth-Century England (London: Croom Helm, 1978).

⁴⁷ Alain Corbin, Women for Hire. Prostitution and Sexuality in France after 1850, translated by Alan Sheridan (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); Francis Ronsin, La greve des ventres. Propagande neo-malthusienne et baisse de la natalite en France 19e-20e siecles (Paris: Editions Aubier Montaigne, 1980).

⁴⁸ Richard Allen Soloway, Birth Control and the Population Question in England, 1877—1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), p. 54.

⁴⁹ McLaren, Birth Control, p. 179.

⁵⁰ Barbara Goldsmith, Other Powers. The Age of Suffrage, Spiritualism, and the Scandalous Victoria Woodhull (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998).

⁵¹ Margaret Sanger, The Pivot of Civilization (New York: Brentano’s, 1922), pp. 271—2.

⁵² On Sanger’s life, see Ellen Chesler, Woman of Valor. Margaret Sanger and the Birth ControlMovement in America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992) and David M.

⁵³ Carole R. McCann, Birth Control Politics in the United States, 1916—1945 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), p. 48.

⁵⁴ Margaret Sanger, Woman and the New Race (New York: Brentano’s, 1920).

⁵⁵ Margaret Sanger, Pivot of Civilization (New York: Brentano’s, 1922).

⁵⁶ Margaret Sanger, My Fight for Birth Control (Elmsford, New York: Maxwell Reprint Company, 1931), p. 290. See also the discussion in David Kennedy, Birth Control in America. The Career of Margaret Sanger (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973).

⁵⁷ Marie Stopes, Married Love. A New Contribution to the Solution of Sex Difficulties (New York: Eugenics Publishing Co., 1932).

⁵⁸ Ibid., p. 162.

⁵⁹ ‘‘The fullest delight, even in a purely physical sense, can be attained only by those who curb and direct their natural appetites.’’ Ibid., p. 76.

⁶⁰ June Rose, Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution (Boston: Faber and Faber, 1992), p. 186.

⁶¹ Ibid., p. 198.

⁶² On Stopes, see Lewis, Politics of Motherhood, p. 205; on Sanger, see McCann, Birth Control Politics.

⁶³ Gosta Esping Anderson, Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).