NOTES TO CHAPTER 10
1 Percy Shelley, ‘‘Queen Mab,’’ V:79, The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. Thomas Hutchinson (London: Oxford University Press, 1947), p. 780.
2 In the same poem he painted a glorious picture of dawning love ‘‘unchecked by dull and selfish chastity / That virtue of the cheaply virtuous / Who pride themselves in senselessness and frost.’’ Shelley, ‘‘Queen Mab,’’ IX⅛, in Complete Poetical Works p.
707.3 William Wordsworth, ‘‘Humanity,’’ Poetical Works, ed. Thomas Hutchinson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 393.
4
Charles Dickens, Hard Times (New York: New American Library, 1961), p. 64.
Ibid., p. 283.
E. D. H. Johnson, Charles Dickens: An Introduction to His Novels (New York: Random
House, 1969), p. 43.
7 Johnson, Charles Dickens, p. 48.
8 See the preceding chapter for a discussion of the imprecise meaning of the term ‘‘subsistence’’.
9 William J. Barber, A History of Economic Thought (New York: Penguin, 1963), p. 68.
10 David M. Levy, How the Dismal Science Got Its Name: Classical Economics & the Ur-Text of Racial Politics (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2001).
11 Joel Mokyr, ‘‘The Factory System,” pp. 120—61 in Gifts of Athena. Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002). For more background, see Peter Lindert, ‘‘Unequal Living Standards,” in The Economic History of Britain Since 1700, 2nd edn, Vol. 1: 1700—1860, eds Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 357—86; and Stanley Engerman, ‘‘Reflections on ‘The Standard of Living Debate’: New Arguments and New Evidence,” in Capitalism in Context: Essays on Economic Development and Cultural Change in Honor of R. M. Hartwell, eds John A.
James and Mark Thomas (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 50—79. On consequences for women, see Jane Humphries, ‘‘Enclosures, Common Rights, and Women: The Proletarianization of Families in the late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries,’’ The Journal of Economic History 50:1 (1990), 17—42.12 E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Random House, 1966).
i3
Thompson, Making of the English Working Class, p. 821.
i4
George R. Boyer, ‘‘The Historical Background of the Communist Manifesto,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12:4 (1998), 151—74.
15 Leonard P. Liggio, ‘‘Charles Dunoyer and French Classical Liberalism,” Journal of Libertarian Studies 1:3 (1977), 153—78.
16J. C. L. Simonde de Sismondi, Political Economy (1815), Ch. 7 available on line at.
17 Alexander H. Everett, New Ideas on Population, With Remarks on the Theories of Malthus and Godwin, first published 1826 (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1970); Henry C. Carey, Principles of Political Economy (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1840).
18 Henry Charles Carey, The Slave Trade. Domestic and Foreign, Why it Exists and How it May be Extinguished (Philadelphia: Henry Cary Baird Industrial Publisher, 1853) available online at Chapter 5.
19 David Ricardo, The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1962), p. 1.
20 Maurice Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1963); Ricardo, Principles, p. 225.
21 E. K. Hunt, History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1979); Fiona Maclachlan, ‘‘The Ricardo-Malthus Debate on Underconsumption: A Case Study in Economic Conversation,” History of Political Economy 31:3 (1999), pp. 563-74.
22 Thomas Robert Malthus, Principles of Political Economy (London: W. Pickering, 1836), Section VIII, ‘‘On the Strict and Necessary Connection of the Interests of the Landlord and of the State,” paragraph 659, available on line at, accessed January 16, 2009.
23C.R. Fay, The Corn Laws and Social England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1932).
24 T. R. Malthus, Observations on the Effects of the Corn Laws, and of a Rise or Fall in the Price of Corn on the Agriculture and General Wealth of the Country (St. Paul’s Church-Yard: J. Johnson and Company, 1814), available on line at, accessed February 17, 2006.
25 The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem stipulates that a country has a comparative advantage in the production of a product if it is relatively well endowed with inputs that are used intensively in producing the product.
26 For a modern version of this argument see Ha-Joon Chang, Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective (London: Anthem Press, 2002).
27 John Vincent Nye, ‘‘The Myth of Free Trade Britain and Fortress France: Tariffs and Trade in the Nineteenth Century,’’ Journal of Economic History 51:1 (1991), 23—46.
28Henry Carey, Harmony of Interests: Manufacturing and Commercial (1851) available at
29 Carey echoes Hamilton’s arguments regarding the advantages of factory employment for women in Chapter 20, then invokes Jefferson in Chapter 21 of Harmony of Interests.
30 Carey, Harmony of Interests, Ch. 20.
31 Carey, Harmony of Interests, Ch. 22.
32 Brian Inglis, Poverty and the Industrial Revolution (London: Hodder ^Stoughton, 1971), p. 72.
33 Shelley, Collected Works, ρ. 572.