NOTES TO CHAPTER 6
1 Gertrude Himmelfarb, The Roads to Modernity: The British, French, and American Enlightenments (New York: Knopf, 2004).
2 ‘‘Introduction,” by Patrick Coleman, to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p.
xi.3 Rousseau, Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, p. 47.
4 Ibid., p. 85.
5 Ibid., p. 26.
6 Ibid., pp. 17, 47.
7 Ibid., p. 115.
8 Ibid., p. 67.
9 Ibid., p. 95. ‘‘If I were told that society is so constituted that each man gains by serving others, I should reply that that would all be very well but for the fact that he gains even more by harming them. No profit is so legitimate that it cannot be surpassed by what can be done illegitimately, and a harm done to a neighbor is always more lucrative than any good turn.”
10 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on Political Economy and the Social Contract, trans. Christopher Betts (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 6.
11 Ibid., p. 17.
12 Ibid., p. 172.
13 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Politics and the Arts: A Letter to M. D’Alembert on the Theatre, trans. A. Bloom (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1968), p. 109; Carol Pateman, ‘‘ ‘The Disorder of Women’: Women, Love, and the Sense of Justice,” in The Disorder of Women (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989), pp. 17—32.
14 Lynda Lange, ‘‘Rousseau and Modern Feminism,’’ Social Theory and Practice 7 (1981), 245-77.
15 Ralph Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1973), p. 288.
16 Stephen L. Kaplan, Bread, Politics, and Political Economy (The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976) p. 601; Cyntha A.
Bouton, The Flour War: Gender, Class, and Community in Late Ancient Regime French Society (State College PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993).17 Thompson, ‘‘The Moral Economy”; Kaplan, Bread, Politics, and Political Economy; Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, The Origins of Physiocracy. Economic Revolution and Social Order in Eighteenth-Century France (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1976).
18 Olwen H. Hufton, Women and the Limits of Citizenship in the French Revolution (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992); Dominique Godineau, The Women of Paris and Their French Revolution, translated by Katherine Streip (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
19 Lynn Avery Hunt, The Family Romance of the French Revolution (Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1993).
20 Linda Kelly, Women of the French Revolution (London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd, 1987), p. 12.
21 Barbara Brookes, ‘‘The Feminism of Condorcet and Sophie de Grouchy,” Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century 189 (1980) p. 314.
22 Ibid., p. 336.
23 Jane Abray, ‘‘Feminism in the French Revolution,” American Historical Review 80:1 (1975), p. 47.
24 Hunt, The Family Romance, p. 41.
25 Joan Wallach Scott, Only Paradoxes to Offer. French Feminists and the Rights of Man (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 42—43; Abray, ‘‘Feminism,” p. 49.
26 Kelly, Women of the French Revolution, p. 50.
27 Hunt, The Family Romance, p. 91.
28 Scott, Only Paradoxes, p. 48.
29 Ibid., p. 48; Williams, Politics of Feminism, p. 350.
30 ‘‘The Unstable Boundaries of the French Revolution,” in A History of Private Life. From the Fires of Revolution to the Great War, ed. Michelle Perrot (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1990) ρ. 15.
31 Robespierre, ‘‘Republic of Virtue,” in Richard W.
Lyman and Lewis W. Spitz, eds, Major Crises in Western Civilization, vol. 2 (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1965), pp. 71-72.32 Forrest, The French Revolution, p. 172.
33 Scott, Only Paradoxes, p. 50.
34 Abray, ‘‘Feminism,” p. 50.
35 Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, trans. June Barraclough (New York: The Noonday Press, 1955), p. 192.
36 Condorcet, Sketch, p>. 194.
37 Brookes, ‘‘The Feminism of Condorcet,” p. 352.
38 Evelyn Forget, ‘‘Cultivating Sympathy: Sophie Condorcet’s Letters on Sympathy,” 142— 164 in The Status of Women in Classical Economic Thought, eds Robert Dimand and Chris Nyland (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2003).
39 Ibid., p. 358.
40 Some critics like Alasdair Macintyre argue that the Enlightenment project foundered on these difficulties. I consider this judgment premature. See his After Virtue. A Study in Moral Theory (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1984).
41 See Simone de Beauvoir, ‘‘Must We Burn Sade?’’ from The Marquis de Sade. An Essay by Simone de Beauvoir, with selections from his writings chosen by Paul Dinnage (New York: Grove Press, 1953). For a discussion of the views of other existentialist philosophers see Crocker, Nature and Culture, Ch. 6.
42 Cited in Crocker, Nature and Culture, p. 409.
43 Ibid.
44 Hunt, The Family Romance, p. 138.
45 Ibid., p. 136.
46 Ibid., p. 143.
47 Angela Carter, The Sadeian Woman and the Ideology of Pornography (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978).
48 De Beauvoir, ‘‘Must We Burn Sade?’’ p. 57.