NOTES TO CHAPTER 4
1 Anthony, Earl of Shaftesbury, Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, etc.
Edited, with an introduction and notes by John M. Robertson, 2 volumes, first published 1711 (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1963), p.
338.2Shaftesbury, Characteristics, Vol. 1, p. 77.
3 See Thomas A. Horne, The Social Thought of Bernard Mandeville. Virtue and Commerce in Early Eighteenth-Century England (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978), p. 45.
4A.D. Nuttall, Pope's Essay on Man (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1984), p. 174.
5 Alexander Pope, ‘‘Essay on Man,” The Poems of Alexander Pope (Bungay, Suffolk: Methuen and Co. Ltd, 1865), p. 533, line 270.
6Ibid., ‘‘Essay on Man,” p. 535, Epistle III, line 315.
7Nuttall, Pope’s ‘Essay, p. 111.
8Pope, ‘‘Essay on Man,” p. 546, Epistle IV, line 361.
9 On responses to Shaftesbury, see John M. Robertson, Introduction to Anthony Earl of Shaftesbury, Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1963) p. xl. Robertson claims that Shaftesbury’s ideas were quite similar to those of the Jewish philosopher Spinoza, another reason why the Church of England viewed them with great suspicion.
10 E. J. Hundert, ‘‘Bernard Mandeville and the Enlightenment’s Maxims of Modernity,’’ Journal of the History of Ideas 56:4 (1995), p. 580.
11 Bernard Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees; or Private Vices, Publick Benefits. Vols. I and II. With a commentary by F. B. Kaye (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924), p. 26.
12 Ibid., p. 333.
13 Bernard Mandeville, The Virgin Unmask’d: or Female Dialogues betwixt an Elderly Maiden Lady and her Niece, on Several Diverting Discourses of the Times (London: J. Morphero, 1709), p. 127.
14
Mandeville, The Virgin Unmask’d, ρ. 28.
Ibid., p. 228.
Ibid., p. 224. Mandeville also cited Solon of Athens as author of a law stipulating that
15
16
fathers who failed to bring their sons up to any calling should not expect relief from them (p.
59).17 Rossiaud, Medieval Prostitution.
18. Cited in Richard I. Cook, ‘‘The Great Leviathan of Lechery: Mandeville’s Modest Defence of Publick Stews,’’ pp. 23—33 in Mandeville Studies. New Explorations in the Art and Thought of Dr. Bernard Mandeville, ed. Irwin Primer (The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1975), p. 22.
19Bernard Mandeville, A Modest Defense of Public Stews: or, an Essay Upon Whoring (London: A. Bussy, 1924).
20 Mandeville, Fable, p. 259.
21 Cited in Richard I. Cook, Bernard Mandeville (New York: Twayne Publishers Inc. 1974), p. 16.
22 Lester Crocker, Nature and Culture. Ethical Thought in the French Enlightenment (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1963), p. 362.
23 Louis Crompton, Byron and Greek Love. Homophobia in 19th-Century England (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).
24 Randolph Trumbach, ‘‘Sex, Gender, and Sexual Identity in Modern Culture: Male Sodomy and Female Prostitution in Enlightenment London,’’ in Forbidden History, ed. John C. Fout (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 89—106.
25 Cited in Roy Porter, ‘‘Mixed Feelings: The Enlightenment and Sexuality in EighteenthCentury Britain,’’ in Sexuality in Eighteenth-Century Britain, ed. Paul-Gabriel Bouce (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982), p. 4.
26 David Hume, A Treatise on Human Nature and Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1882), Vol. II, p. 331.
27 Ibid., p. 333.
28 Ibid., p. 177.
29 A.M.C. Waterman, ‘‘The Beginning of‘Boundaries’: The Sudden Separation of Economics from Christian Theology,’’ pp. 41—63 in Economics and Interdisciplinary Research edited by G. Erreygers (New York: Routledge, 2001), and ‘‘Recycling Old Ideas: Economics Among the Humanities,’’ Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology 15: 237-49.
30 Joseph Butler, Sermon 3.9, The Works of Bishop Butler, ed.
S. Halifax, Vol. 1 (Oxford, 1874), p. 57; Waterman, ‘‘The Beginning of Boundaries,’’ p. 3.31 Josiah Tucker, Instructions for Travelers, in The Collected Works of Josiah Tucker, with a new introduction by Jeffery Stern (6 vols.) (London: Routledge, 1993). First published in 1757, p. 48.
32 John Brown, D.D. On the Female Character and Education (London: Printed for L. Davis and C. Reymers, 1765) pp. 13—14.
33 Waterman states, ‘‘The Enlightenment in Britain was regarded as an opportunity rather than as a threat to established religion,’’ (‘‘The Beginning of Boundaries,’’ unpublished manuscript), p. 1. Likewise, Gertrude Himmelfarb idealizes the British Enlightenment, stating, ‘‘Secular and religious institutions, civil society and the state, public relief and private charity complemented and cooperated with one another,’’ (‘‘The Idea of Compassion: The British vs. the French Enlightenment,’’ The Public Interest, 2001, p. 9).
34 Jane Rendall, The Origins of the Scottish Enlightenment (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1978), p. 74. See also A. W. Coats, On the History of American Thought. British and American Economic Essays, Vol.1, (New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 124.
35 Gay, The Enlightenment, p. 8. See also Rendall, Origins of the Scottish Enlightenment, p. 32.
36 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, reprinted from the edition of 1777 with an introductory note by John B. Stewart (La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1966), p. 139.
37 Hume, Enquiry, p. 109.
38 Gay, p. 341.
39 On Smith’s contributions relative to his predecessors, see A.W. Coats, ‘‘Adam Smith, The Modern Reappraisal’’.
40 Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, with a biographical and critical memoir of the author by Dugald Stewart (London: G. Bell and Sons Ltd, 1911), p.3. See also, p. 27: ‘‘and hence it is, that to feel much for others, and little for ourselves, that to restrain our selfish, and to indulge our benevolent affections, constitutes the perfection of human nature’’; and p.
214: ‘‘The man of the most perfect virtue, the man whom we love and revere the most, is he who joins, to the most perfect command of his own original and selfish feelings, the most exquisite sensibility both to the original and sympathetic feelings of others.’’41 Smith, Moral Sentiments, p. 33.
42 Samuel Fleischacker, ‘‘Adam Smith,” Blackwell Companion to Early Modern Philosophy, p. 4.
43 Sumitra Shah, ‘‘Sexual Division of Labor in Adam Smith’s Work,” The History of Economic Thought 28:2 (2006), 221—41. See also Edith Kuiper, ‘‘The Construction of Masculine Identity in Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments,’’ in D. Barker and E. Kuiper, eds., Toward a Feminist Philosophy of Economics, pp. 145—160 (New York: Routledge, 2003).
44 See Jane Rendall, ‘‘Virtue and Commerce: Women in the Making of Adam Smith’s Political Economy’’, in Women in Western Political Philosophy, ed. Ellen Kennedy and Susan Mendus, (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987), p. 59.
45 Gay, The Enlightenment, p. 34.
46 Rendall, ‘‘Virtue and Commerce,’’ p. 60; For a discussion of Smith’s views on domestic law see Knut Haakonssen, The Science of a Legislator. The Natural Jurisprudence of David Human and Adam Smith (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981), Chapter 5, section 5.
47 Smith, Moral Sentiments, pp. 321—44.
48 Ibid., p. 346.
49 Anthony Waterman, Revolution, Economics, and Religion: Christian Political Economy, i798~i833 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
50T. D. Campbell, Adam Smith’s Science of Morals (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1971), p. 220.
51 Smith, Wealth of Nations, I, p. 19.
52 Robert W. Dimand, Evelyn Forget, and Chris Nyland, ‘‘Gender in Classical Economics,’’ Journal of Economic Perspectives 18:1 (2004), 229—240; For a discussion of the few instances in which Smith does discuss women’s work, see Michele Pujol, Feminism and Anti-Feminism in Early Economic Thought (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1992) and Rendall, ‘‘Virtue and Commerce’’.
For a more detailed critique of his masculinist assumptions, see Ulla Grapard, ‘‘Robinson Crusoe: The Quintessential Economic Man?’’ Feminist Economics I:1 (1995), 33—52 and ‘‘The Benevolence of the Butcher’s Wife,’’ manuscript, Department of Economics, Colgate University.53 Smith, Wealth of Nations, II, p. 84.
54 Deborah Valenze, The First Industrial Woman (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995). Note, however, that Valenze offers a more generous interpretation of Smith than I do here.
55 Robert Dimand, ‘‘An Eighteenth-Century English Feminist Response to Political Economy: Priscilla Wakefield’s Reflections,’’ 194—205 in The Status of Women in Classical Political Economy, ed. Robert Dimand and Chris Nyland (Cheltenham UK: Edward Elgar, 2003).
56 Pujol, Feminism and Anti-Feminism, p. 19.
57 Smith, Wealth of Nations, I, p. 91.
58 Ibid., I, p. 95.
59 Ibid., p. 108.
60 James Boswell, Boswell’s Life of Johnson, ed. George Birkbeck Hill, in six volumes (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, [MCMXXXIV], 1934), pp. 286—87.
61 Albert Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism Before its Triumph. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977), p. 57.