NOTES TO CHAPTER 2

¹ David Landes, Revolution in Time. Clocfy and the Making of the Modern World (Cambridge: The Belknap Press, 1983). See also Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, p.

² Teresa Brennan and Carole Pateman, ‘‘‘Mere Auxiliaries to the Commonwealth': Women and the Origins of Liberalism,'' Political Studies, XXVII:2 (1979), 183—200; Carol Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988); The Disorder of Women. Democracy, Feminism, and Political Theory (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989); Christine DiStefano, Configurations of Masculinity. A Feminist Perspective on Modern Political Theory (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991).

³ William Shakespeare, Coriolanus, ed. Philip Brockbank (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), V, iii, lines 34—37.

⁴ Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (New York: Harper and Row, 1977), p. 152.

⁵ Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. C. B. MacPherson (Harmondsworth, England, Pen­guin, 1986), p. 186.

⁶ C. B. MacPherson, Introduction to Hobbes, Leviathan, p. 21.

⁷ Gerard Winstanley asked, ‘‘If the common people have no more freedom in England, but only to live among their elder brothers and work for them for hire, what freedom then have they in England more than we have in Turkey or France?” Christopher Hill, Century of Revolution, 1603—1714 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1982) p. 311.

⁸ Hobbes, Leviathan, p. 253.

⁹ Thomas Hobbes, Man and Citizen, ed. Bernard Gert (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1978), p. 83.

¹⁰ Antonia Fraser, The Weaker Vessel. (New York: Vintage, 1985).

11. Gordon J. Schochet, Patriarchalism in Political Thought: The Authoritarian Family and Political Speculation and Attitudes, Especially in 17th Century England (Oxford: Blackwell, 1975).

¹² Jean Bodin, The Six Books of a Commonwealth. A facsimile reprint of the English translation of 1606, ed. Kenneth Douglas McRae (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962), pp. 20—30.

¹³ F. L. Carsten, ed. The New Cambridge Modern History. Vol. V. The Ascendancy of France, 1648—88 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1961), p. 105.

¹⁴ Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost (New York: Routledge, 1989).

¹⁵ Sir Robert Filmer, ‘‘Observations Upon Aristotle’s Politics,” in Patriarcha and Other Political Works, ed. Peter Laslett (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1949).

¹⁶ Filmer, Patriarcha, p. 241.

¹⁷ David F. Noble, A World Without Women. The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 286.

¹⁸ Ibid., p. 245.

¹⁹ Richard Ashcroft, Revolutionary Politics and Locke’s Two Treatises of Government (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), p. 600.

²⁰ George Savile, Marquis of Halifax, from the Lady’s New Year’s Gift: or, Advice to a Daughter, 1688, in Women in the Eighteenth Century. Constructions of Femininity, ed. Vivien Jones (New York: Routledge, 1990), p. 18.

²¹ Chris Nyland, ‘‘John Locke and the Social Position of Women,” History of Political Economy 25:1 (1993), 39—63.

²² Brennan and Pateman, ‘‘Mere Auxiliaries;” Mary O’Brien, The Politics of Reproduction (Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981); Lorenne M. G. Clark and Lynda Lange, The Sexism of Social and Political Theory: Women and Reproduction from Plato to Nietzche (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979); John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), p. 192.

²³ Locke, Two Treatises, II, section 82, p. 339.

²⁴ Cited in Laslett, World We Have Lost, p. 190.

²⁵ William S. Sahakian and Mabel Lewis Sahakian, John Locke (Boston: Twayne Pub­lishers, 1975), p.

²⁶ A. Leon Higginbotham, In the Matter of Color (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 163.

²⁷ Chris Nyland, ‘‘John Locke and the Social Position of Women,’’ History of Political Economy 25:1 (1993), 39—63; Melissa Butler, ‘‘Early Liberal Roots of Feminism: John Locke and the Attack on Patriarchy,’’ American Political Science Review 72 (1978), 135—50.

²⁸ Brennan and Pateman, ‘‘Mere Auxiliaries,’’ p. 192.

²⁹ John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, Book 1, section 54, p. 197.

³⁰ Ibid., section 28, p. 306.

³¹ Ibid., section 82, p. 339.

³² Ibid., section 67, p. 330.

³³ In an interpretation that would certainly have pleased Locke himself, Chris Nyland argues that men’s dominion in marriage is perfectly reasonable in an economy in which physical capacities count for a great deal: ‘‘Greater strength is a property that belongs to the man and the benefits of which belong to him. If wives wish to share the material rewards this capacity enables them to generate, Locke considered it reasonable that men ask a price for this concession.’’ Nyland, ‘‘John Locke,’’ p. 47.

³⁴ Keith Thomas, ‘‘Women and the Civil War Sects,’’ Past and Present 13 (1958), 42—62.

³⁵ Margaret Cavendish, cited in Jerome Nadelhaft, ‘‘The Englishwoman’s Sexual Civil War, 1650—1740,’’ Journal of the History of Ideas 43:4 (1982), p. 564.

³⁶ Chris Nyland, ‘‘Poulain de la Barre and the Rationalist Analysis of the Status of Women,’’ History of Economics Review 19 (1993), 18—33.

³⁷ Francois Poulain de la Barre, The Equality of the Sexes, trans. Desmond M. Clarke (New York: Manchester University Press, 1990), p. 80.

³⁸ Ruth Perry, The Celebrated Mary Astell. An Early English Feminist (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1986), p. 165; Joan Kinnaird, ‘‘Mary Astell and the Conservative Contribution to English Feminism,’’ The Journal of British Studies 19:1 (1979), 53-75.

³⁹ Mary Astell, ‘‘A Prefatory Discourse to Dr. D’Avenant,” in Moderation Truly Stated (London: Printed by J. L. for Rich. Wilkin at the King’s Head in St. Paul’s Church-Yard, MDCCIV), p. xii.

⁴⁰ Astell, ‘‘The Hardships of the English Laws in Relation to Wives,’’ in Jones, ed. Women in the Eighteenth Century, p. 217.

⁴¹ Ibid., p. 220.

⁴² Ibid., p. 225.

⁴³ Ibid.

⁴⁴ Aristotle, Metaphysics, Books X-XIV, Oeconomica and Magna Moralia, trans. G. Cyril Armstrong (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1935), p. 331.

⁴⁵ Joseph Spengler, French Predecessors of Malthus. A Study in Eighteenth Century Wage and Population Theory (New York: Octagon, 1965), p. 23.

⁴⁶ EliHecksher, Mercantilism (NewYork:Macmillan, 1931),p. 159;E.P.Hutchinson, The Population Debate. The Development of Conflicting Theories Up to 1900 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967), p. 51.

⁴⁷ E. A. J. Johnson, Predecessors of Adam Smith (New York: Augustus Kelley, 1965), p. 247. See also A. W. Coats, ‘‘The Relief of Poverty, Attitudes to Labor, and Economic Change in England, 1660—1782,’’ International Review of Social History 21 (1976), p. 104.

⁴⁸ Gregory King, Two Tracts. Natural and Political Observations and Conclusions Upon the State and Condition of England: Of the Naval Trade of England Around 1688 and the National Profit then Arising Thereby, ed. George E. Barnett (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1936), p. 19.

⁴⁹ Sir William Petty, The Economic Writings of Sir William Petty Together with the Observations Upon the Bills of Mortality more probably by Captain John Graunt (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1963), p. 377.

⁵⁰ Petty, Economic Writings, p. 109.

⁵¹ Ibid., pp. 144, 307, 308.

⁵² Ibid., p. 145.

⁵³ King, Two Tracts, p. 31.

⁵⁴ Cited in Deborah Valenze, The First Industrial Woman (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p.

⁵⁵ Petty (or Graunt), Observations Upon the Bills of Mortality, p. 373.

⁵⁶ Ibid., p. 375.

⁵⁷ John Ogilby, Africa (London, 1670), cited in Jennifer L. Morgan, Laboring Women, Reproduction and Gender in New World Slavery (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), p. 66.

⁵⁸ Rossiaud, Medieval Prostitution, p. 124.

⁵⁹ Ibid., p. 377.

⁶⁰ King, Two Tracts, p. 28.

⁶¹ C. B. McPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962); E. K. Hunt, History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1979).

⁶² Brennan and Pateman, ‘‘Mere Auxiliaries,”; Pateman, The Sexual Contract'; Christopher Middleton, ‘‘The Sexual Division ofLabor in Feudal England,” New Left Review, No. 113—14 (1979), 105—154; Wally Seccombe, A Millenium of Family Change: Feudalism to Capitalism in Northwestern Europe (New York: Verso, 1992); Nancy Hartsock, Money, Sex and Power: Toward a Feminist Historical Materialism (New York: Longman, 1983); Lorenne Clark and Lynda Lange, The Sexism of Social and Political Theory: Women and Reproduction from Plato to Nietzche (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979).