NOTES TO CHAPTER I

¹ Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, first published 1930 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1956); Douglas North and R. P. Thomas, The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973); Nathan Rosenberg and L.

² Deirdre McCloskey, The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007); Benjamin M. Friedman, The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth (New York: Knopf, 2005).

³ R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (London: John Murray, 1926).

⁴ Alice Clark, Working Life of Women in the Seventeenth Century, first published in 1919 (New York: Augustus Kelley, 1967).

⁵ The New English Bible (Oxford University Press and Cambridge University Press, 1970); Matthew 19:23. Note that versions of the same warning also appear in the gospels of Mark and Luke.

⁶See the interesting discussion of this issue in Hugh Nibley, Approaching Zion, The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Vol. 9 (Salt Lake City: Deseret Books, 1989).

7

Weber, Protestant Ethic, p. 57.

Weber, Protestant Ethic, p. 61.

Weber, Protestant Ethic, p. 182.

10

Robert H. Nelson, Economics as Religion. From Samuelson to Chicago and Beyond (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001).

¹¹ North and Thomas, p. 140.

¹² Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (New York: Harper and Row, 1977), p. 233.

¹³ Fernand Braudel, The Wheels of Commerce, (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1992) p. 26.

¹⁴ Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, p.

¹⁵ For a fine brief description, see the entry by Amy Louise Erickson on Alice Clark in Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing (Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1999), p. 233, and her introduction to Clark’s Working Life of Women in the Seventeenth Century (New York: Routledge, 1992).

¹⁶ Alice Clark, Working Life of Women in the Seventeenth Century, first published 1919 (New York: Augustus Kelley, 1967), p. 307.

¹⁷ Ivy Pinchbeck, Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution 1750—1850 (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1969); Bridget Hill, Women, Work, and Sexual Politics in Eighteenth­Century England (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1989); Wally Seccombe, Weathering the Storm. Working-Class Families from the Industrial Revolution to the Fertility Decline (New York: Verso, 1993); Deborah Valenze, The First Industrial Woman (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).

¹⁸Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 3rd edn, first published 1942 (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1950), p. 157.

¹⁹ Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1944).

²⁰Silvia Federici, Caliban and the Witch: Women, The Body, and Primitive Accumulation (Brooklyn: Autonomedia, 2004).

²¹ Wally Seccombe, A Millenium of Family Change: Feudalism to Capitalism in North­western Europe (New York: Verso, 1992); Mary S. Hartman, The Household and the Making of History: A Subversive View of the Western Past (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004).

²² North and Thomas, Rise of the Western World; Nancy Folbre, Who Pays for the Kids? Gender and the Structures of Constraint (New York: Routledge, 1994).

²³ Judith Blake, ‘‘Coercive Pronatalism and American Population Policy, in 85—108 in Aspects of Population Growth Policy, ed. Robert Parke and Charles E. Westoff (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1974).

²⁴ Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: W.W.

²⁵ J. Komlos, ‘‘Thinking About the Industrial Revolution,’’ The Journal of European Economic History 18:1 (1989), 191—206; Ester Boserup, The Conditions of Agricultural Growth (New York: Aldine, 1965); D.B. Grigg, Population Growth and Agrarian Change: An Historical Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980).

²⁶ Hartman, The Household and the Making of History.

²⁷ Perry Anderson, Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism (London: New Left Books, 1974) and Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: Verso, 1979).

²⁸ Christopher Hill, Century of Revolution, 1603—1714 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1982), p. 15.

²⁹ Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost. England Before the Industrial Age (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1965), p. 50.

³⁰ Ralph Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1973), p. 197.

³¹ Ann Kussmaul, Servants in Husbandry in Early Modern England (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 3.

³² Christopher Hill, The Pelican History of Britain, Vol. 2: Reformation to Industrial Revolution (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1969), p. 92.

³³ See Hill, Women, Work and Sexual Politics, and Deborah Simonton, A History of European Womens Work. 1700 to the Present (New York: Routledge, 1998).

³⁴ David Herlihy, Opera Muliebra. Women and Work in Medieval Europe (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990), p. 177.

³⁵ Hill, Century of Revolution, p. 205.

³⁶ The New English Bible, Matthew 6:19, Luke 6:35.

³⁷ Nancy Tuana, The Less Noble Sex. Scientific, Religious, and Philosophical Conceptions of Women's Nature (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), 79—81.

³⁸ Elizabeth A. Johnson, She Who Is. The Mystery of God in Feminist Theological Discourse (New York: Crossroad, 1992).

³⁹ Joseph F.

⁴⁰ Barry Gordon, The Economic Problem in Biblical and Patristic Thought (New York: E. J. Brill, 1989), p. 106.

⁴¹ Gordon, The Economic Problem, p. 132. See also Rosemay Radford Reuther, ‘‘The Liberation of Christology from Patriarchy,’’ 138—148 in Feminist Theology: A Reader, ed. Ann Wages (SPCK, 1990).

⁴² Kari Borresen, Subordination and Equivalence. The Nature and Role of Woman in Augustine and Thomas Aquinas (Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1981).

⁴³ David F. Noble, A World Without Women. The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1922), p. 157. See also Borresen, Subordination and Equivalence.

⁴⁴ Jacques Rossiaud, Medieval Prostitution, translated by Lydia G. Cochrane (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988), p. 80.

⁴⁵ See On Faith, Summa Theologiae, Part 2-2, Questions 1—16 of St. Thomas Aquinas, trans. Mark D. Jordan, vol. 1 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1990), p. 207.

⁴⁶ N. Ben Yehuda, ‘‘The European Witch Craze of the 14th to the 17th Centuries: A Sociologist’s Perspective,” American Journal of Sociology 86:1 (1980), 1—31; Margaret Murray, The Witch Cult in Western Europe (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971).

⁴⁷ J. T. Noonan, Contraception. A History of its Treatment by the Catholic Theologians and Canonists (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965).

⁴⁸ Jonathan Sumption, The Albigensian Crusade (London: Faber, 1978).

⁴⁹ John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality. Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980).

⁵⁰ Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages, trans. F. Hopman (New York, 1954); Richard Newhauser, The Early History of Greed. The Sin of Avarice in Early Medieval Thought and Literature (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

⁵¹ Ibid., p. 74.

⁵² Jacques Le Goff, Your Money or Your Life. Economy and Religion in the Middle Ages (New York, Basic Books, 1988).

⁵³ Cited in Rosenberg and Birdzell, How the West Grew Rich, p. 130.

⁵⁴ Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 15th— 18th Century. Vol. II. The Wheels of Commerce, trans. Sian Reynolds (New York: Harper and Row, 1979), p. 165.

⁵⁵ Braudel, Wheels of Commerce, p. 568.

⁵⁶ William Letwin, The Origins of Scientific Economics. English Economic Thought 1660— 1776 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press Publishers, 1963), p. 81; Braudel, Wheels of Commerce, p. 560.

⁵⁷ Jean-Louis Flandrin, Sex in the Western World. The Development of Attitudes and Behavior (Philadelphia: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1991), p. 8. See also Rossiaud, Medieval Prostitution.

⁵⁸ G. R. Quaife, Wanton Wenches and Wayward Wives: Peasants and Illicit Sex in Early Seventeenth Century England (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1979), p. 93.

⁵⁹ Antonia Fraser, The Weaker Vessel (Reading, Berks, England: Cox and Wyman, 1995), p. 262.

⁶⁰ John Bunyan, The Pilgrim's Progress, with an afterword by R.F. Leavis, first published 1678 (New York: Signet, 1981).