Index
Academic des sciences morales et politiques
152
Academy of Agricultural Sciences 337
Laboratory of Mathematical Methods in Economics 337
Academy of Sciences
Central Institute of Mathematical
Economics (TsEMI) 338-9 system of optimal functioning of the economy (SOFE) concept 339 Achenwall, Gottfried 47
Achilles 11
Adams, H.C.
317Adler, Max 238
socialist theory of 240-41
Aeschylus
Eumenides 297
Agamemnon 11 agriculture 5-6, 15, 17, 46-7, 110, 117, 138, 192, 207, 209, 333
development of 111-12
prices 180
property 199
Akerlof, George 451, 455
Albert the Great 20-21, 25
Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’ 75
Alesina, Alberto
theory of rational expectations 410-11 Algeria 190
All-Union Conference on the Application of Mathematical Methods in Economics (1960) 338
Allais, Maurice 287
Allen, Roy 289
Allen, Ruth 324
Allgemeiner deutscher Arbeiterverein (General German Workers’ Association)
founding of (1863) 226 Alter-Globalisation Movement 247
Ambrose 22
American Association of Labor Legislation (AALL) 321
American Economic Association (AEA) 313, 318, 325, 391, 449
Journal of Economic Issues 326
American Statistical Association 318 Amherst College 314
Amoroso, Luigi 287
Andersen, T.M. 450
Andler, Charles 197
socialist theory of 200-201
Angell, James 178
anthropology 48-9
anti-trust 322
antiquity 5-6, 14, 93 acquisition variants in 9-10 chrematistic 10-11, 15
Christian 31
household models in 6-7, 9 modernist interpretation of 5 primitivist interpretation of 5 view of wealth in 8
Antonelli, Etienne 287
Appelbaum, Eileen 442
Aquinas, Thomas 20-21, 25, 28-30, 38 argument against usury 32-3 conception of
function of money 34-5
just price 23-5, 27
De Emptione et Venditione ad Tempus
22
De Malo 34
Summa Theologica 22-4, 26, 31, 34, 39
Arestis, Philip 439-42, 446
aristocracy 8, 67, 298, 310, 344 super- 243
Aristotle 5, 15, 18, 20-21, 25, 109 conception of
man 8-9
money 29
Nicomachean Ethics 20, 22, 27-9, 34
Politics 12, 20-22, 28, 31, 34
Summa Theologica on 20 theory of
chrematistics 10-11
just exchange 11-14 money 10 particular justice 23 view of slavery 9
Arrow, Kenneth Joseph 283, 405 general equilibrium model of 289 impossibility theorem of 290 role in development of public choice theory 402
Social Choice and Individual Values (1951) 412-13
Ashley, William James 296, 308-9
Introduction to English Economic History and Theory (1888) 308
Asimakopulos, Tom
role in development of post-Keynesianism 441
Aspromourgos, Tony 125
Aupetit, Albert 287
Australia 274-5
Austria 227, 230, 232
Anschluss (1934) 231
Vienna 47, 266, 288-9, 401
Austrian Institute of Business Cycle Research 268
founding of (1926) 266 Austrian School 223, 253-4, 259-60, 263-6, 270, 418
development of 252, 258-9
economic focus of 259
economic history 260-61
marginal utility theory in 259
political focus of 260
Averroeist theses
criticisms of 20, 26
Ayres, Clarence 313-14, 324-5
The Problem of Economic Order (1938) 324
role in development of institutionalism 324-5
The Theory of Economic Progress (1944) 324
Azpilcueta, Martin de (Doctor Navarrus) 59
Bacon, Francis 56
Bagehot, Walter 279
Bailey, Samuel
Critical Dissertation on the Nature, Measure and Causes of Value (1825) 145 balance of payments 113, 116, 167, 174-5, 372, 441
imbalances 114
international equilibrium 377
Balis des Vosges, Adolphe 152
Baloglou, Christos 253
Bank of England 161, 164, 172-3, 180-81, 183-5, 267
as lender of last resort 173-4
Banking Department 181, 185
cash reserves of 186
Charter of 180
creation of 53
crises
(1835-36)181
(1839)181
(1847) 185-6
Issue Department 181, 185 suspension of specie convertibility of notes
(1797) 167-70, 172, 175 resumption (1819) 172 Bank of France (Banque de France) 161, 164, 181, 197
establishment of (1803) 194
Banking School 178, 180, 182, 186 principles of 182-3
bankruptcy 453
risk 453
Baran, Paul
Monopoly Capital 244, 247
Political Economy of Growth 242
Barbon, Nicholas 53, 55, 59, 77 concept of “universal empire” 61 observations of
uncertainty of foreign trade 56, 61, 64 Barengolts, M.
chess-board table model 332
Baring, Francis 167
Observations on the Establishment of the Bank of England and on Paper circulation in the Country (1797) 170
Observations on the publication of Walter Boyd (1801) 170
Baron, Hans 93
Barone, Enrico 239-40, 267, 274, 287, 289,
337
Barro, Robert J. 394
Barry, Brian 405
Bastiat, Frederic 150, 153-4, 156, 295
Harmonies economiques 156, 158
Baudeau, Nicolas
Premiere introduction a laphilosophie economique, ou analyse des Etats polices (1771) 83
theory of middle class 86-7
Bazard, Saint-Amand 188
Bazarov, V.A. 333
Becattini, Giacomo 354
Beccaria, Cesare 92-3, 102
Dei delitti e delle pene (1764) 102
Becher, Johann Joachim 45, 302
Becker, Gary
Human Capital (1964) 373 role in development of Chicago School 368-9
Marshallian price theory 369
Beckmann, Johann 47
Beesly, E.S. 209
Belgium 330
Bell, Daniel
Contradictions of Capitalism (1976) 219
Bellah, Robert
The Broken Covenant (1975) 219
Bellamy, Edward 212
Looking Backward, 2000-1887 (1888) 211
Benassi, Corrado 450
Benassy, Jean-Pascal 455
Bentham, Jeremy 264
Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1780) 401
role in development of public choice theory
401
Bergson, Abram (Abram Burk) 403
Berle, Adolf 314, 321
The Modern Corporation and Private Property (1932) 216, 320
Bernanke, Benjamin 388
Bernoulli, Daniel 253
Bernstein, Eduard 237
Berth, Edouard 200
Besant, Annie 210
Bhaduri, Amit
role in development of post-Keynesianism 441
Bharadwaj, Krishna 125
Bianchini, Ludovico 95-6
Bicquilley, Charles Franςois de 88
Theorie elementaire du commerce (1804) 88
Bidard, Christian 424
Bilimovich, A.D. 329 bimetallism 168
in French classical political economy 161-2
Bismarck, Otto von 226
Black, Duncan 405
role in development of public choice theory
402
Black, Joseph 107
Blair, John 325
Blanc, Louis 152, 188, 192, 194, 226 socialist theory of role of state bank 194
Blankart, C.B.
models of democracy 409
Blanqui, Auguste 188
L’eternite par les astres (1872) 203 socialist theory of 195
Blanqui, Jerome-Adolphe
editor of Journal des economistes 152
Blatchford, Robert
Britain for the British (1902) 212
Merrie England (1893) 211
Blatchly, Cornelius
An Essay on Common Wealths (1822) 209
Blaug, Mark 318
Blecker, Robert 441
Bliss, Christopher 344, 349
Bodin, Jean 54
Boeckh, A. 296-7
Boettke, Peter 259, 270
Bogdanov, A.A. 331, 333
law of the minimum 331
role in development of planning theory 331-2
Bδhm-Bawerk, Eugen von 14, 257-9, 268, 274, 359
criticisms of
interest theories 263-4
Menger’s utilisation theory 262, 265 definition of capitalism 264
Kapital und Kapitalzins. Erste Abtheilung: Geschichte und Kritik der Kapitalzinstheorien (1884) 260, 263
Positive Theorie des Kapitales (1889) 263 theory of
capital 264-5, 267, 269 interest 263-5 profits 263
Boisguilbert, Pierre Le Pesant de 76, 83-4, 94, 125
Factum de la France (1707) 84 Le Detail de la France (1695) 84 role in development of “philosophie economique” 85
Bolingbroke, Henry St John 77
Bolsheviks 188, 203, 238-9
Bompaire, Franςois 287
Bonaparte, Napoleon 151, 167, 192, 298 Bonar, James 125
observation of development of mercantilism 52
Bonbright, James 314
The Holding Company (1932) 320
Boniface VIII, Pope 31
Boninsegni, Pasquale 281, 284-5
Bonnot de Condillac, Etienne, see Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de
Bonnot de Mably, Gabriel, see Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de
Booth, Charles 209, 296 Bork, Robert
role in development of Chicago School 372
Bortkiewicz, Ladislaus von 286, 329 Bos, Pierre 152
Bosanquet, Charles 167, 172-3 Botero, Giovanni 55
Bousquet, Georges-Henri 287 Boven, Pierre 286
Boyd, Walter 167-8, 170, 175
Letter to the Right Honourable William Pitt, on the influence of the stoppage of issues in specie at the Bank of England: on the prices of provisions, and other commodities (1801) 168, 170 theory of effect of exchange rates on prices 170
Boyer, Robert 442
Bradley, Francis Herbert 209, 280 Bray, John Francis 206
Labour Wrongs and Labour’s Remedy (1839) 208
socialist theory of 208-9
Brentano, Franz 260
Brentano, Ludwig Joseph (Lujo) 299, 303 Brewer, Anthony 246
Bridel, Pascal 285 Brisbane, Albert
Social Destiny of Man (1840) 209
British Association 279
Report on Index Numbers 279 Bromley, Dan
role in development of institutionalism 325 Brookings Institution 314, 324
Brousse, Paul
communal public utilities theory of 197 Brown, Gordon 220
Bruni, Luigino 94 Brunner, Karl 442
role in development of monetarism 375
criticisms of IS-LM model 380
focus on imperfect substitutability 382 Brutzkus, Boris 289
Buchanan, James M.
Calculus of Consent (1962) 405 theory of constitutional contracts 404-5, 407
Bucher, Karl
Die Entstehung der Volkswirtschaft (1893) 303
Buchez, Philippe 188, 203 socialist theory of 192-3
Buddhism 1
Bukharin, Nikolai 333
Imperialism and World Economy (1915) 238 bullion 45, 63, 66, 68, 70, 167, 175-6, 181-2,
185
gold 172-3
opposition to 173
price of 170-72, 174-5
gold points mechanism (GPM) 174, 177-8 relationship with exchange rate 175, 177-8 Bullionist controversy (1797-1821) 167 Burckhardt, Jacob 93 Buridan, John 27-8 Burke, Edmund
Annual Register (1762) 66
Burns, Arthur F. 370
Burns, A.R. 314 business cycle theory 150-51, 153 political 409-11 real (RBC) 397-8 relationship with institutionalism 313, 318, 321-2
Byllesby, Langdon
Observations on the Sources and Effects of Unequal Wealth (1826) 209
Byzantine Empire
Corpus Juris Civilis 21, 31
Cabet, Etienne 188 Caesar, Julius 307 Cairnes, John Elliot
Character and Logical Method of Political Economy (1879) 296
Cambridge Controversy 265, 350, 352-3 Cambridge School 343-4, 355-6, 379 development of 353-5
“fall from grace” 344, 352-3
Golden Age 344, 349-51
Keynes era 344, 346-9, 354
Marshall era 344-6
Cambridge University 215, 279-80, 290, 345 Board of Anthropological Studies 310 Department of Applied Economics 349, 441 Faculty of Economics and Politics 343, 349 King’s College 348, 350 Trinity College 419
cameralism 43, 49 development of 43-5 role of court in 43-5 role of universities in 46-9 focus on consumption and production of goods 45
Canard, Nicolas-Franρois 88
Principes d’economie politique (1801) 88 Cannan, Edwin 125
Canon law 31-3
Cantillon, Richard 76, 111, 126, 133, 260, 418 Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en General (1755) 129
theory of value 130-31
Cantor, Peter 21 capital 32, 129, 134, 136, 144, 158, 163, 210,
224, 235, 237-8, 261-2, 264-5, 267,
319-20, 351-3, 373, 392, 437, 453 accumulation of 50, 110, 118-19, 136, 159-60, 236-7, 439 exploitation of labour 195 exporting of 238 fixed 426 foreign 185 goods 237, 261-2, 264, 417, 421, 425 human 101
investment 121 misallocation of 269 mobility of 156 monopoly 243-4 social 101 surplus 247
-to-labour ratio 262 variable 245
capitalism 71, 129, 206, 209-10, 214-16, 218-20, 234-5, 237, 239, 246-8, 260-61, 353,417-18
definitions of 264 non-rentier 190 rational 16 social democratic 216 state 229
Caritat de Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine- Nicolas, see Condorcet, Marie-Jean- Antoine-Nicolas Caritat de
Carmichael, Gershon 39
Carnap, Rudolf 288, 323
Carnegie Foundation 314
Carson, Rachel
Silent Spring (1962) 219
Cary, John 53, 77
Cassel, Gustav 287 conditions for steady-state growth 363 role in development of Stockholm School 358-9
Theory of Social Economy (1918) 359
Castro, Fidel 241
Catholic University of Chile 371
Catholicism 93
Cato Institute 259
Cattaneo, Carlo 104
Chadwick, H.M.
The Origin of the English Nation (1907) 309-10
Chamberlin, Edwards Hastings 322 Champernowne, David 349
Chapman, Sydney 346
Chayanov, A.A. 333
Essays on the Theory of Labour Household (1912) 329-30
Chevalier, Michel 152, 188, 190 theory of money 162-3
Chicago Boys 368
Chicago School 368, 373
Coase theorem 372-3 development of 368-9, 371-2 empirical testing 368, 370-71 Marshallian price theory 368-71 monetarism as product of 371-2
Chick, Victoria
role in development of post-Keynesianism 441
Child, Josiah 53, 56, 61, 77
Discourse of Trade 71
observation of development of mercantilism 60, 63-4
trade theories of 81
Chile 368
China, Imperial (221 bc-1911 ad) 114
China, People’s Republic of 1, 241
Chipman, John S. 253, 255, 257-8, 270 Christian Social Union 279
Christianity 57, 93, 192, 203
Bible 25, 418
New Testament 18
Protestant 43, 47, 63
Social 317
Chrysostom, John 22-3, 33
Cicero, Marcus Tullius 17
De officiis 16
theories of asymmetric information in markets 17
Clark, John Bates 263, 299, 317
observation of marginal productivity theory 318
theory of interest 263
Clark, John Maurice 314, 324
role in development of institutionalism 313-15, 320
Social Control of Business (1926) 320-21
Studies in the Economics of Overheard Costs (1923) 319
Clarke, William 210 classical economics 125, 153, 258, 275, 300, 418-19, 426
analytical methods of
long-period positions of economy
417
new classical (NC) 448-9, 451 production equations 419-20 theory of
production 418 wages 417
Clower, Robert 454
Coase, Ronald Harry
“The nature of the firm” (1937) 372
“The problem of social cost” (1960) 372
role in development of Chicago School 368, 372
Coats, Alfred 67
Clement, Ambroise 156
Clement V, Pope
Cohen, E.E. 16
Cohen, Gerry
reformulation of materialist conception of history 245
Cold War 246-7
Cole, George Douglas Howard 213
Guild Socialism Restated (1920) 213 Self-Government in Industry (1917) 213
Coleman, David
observation of development of mercantilism 52
Colletti, Lucio
socialist theory of 242
Colson, Clement 150
Columbia University 314, 370, 373 commodities 6-7, 14-15, 26, 30, 38-9, 52,
58-9, 62, 66, 70, 77-8, 85, 112-13, 126-7, 132, 137, 139, 140, 143, 159, 162-3, 170, 175, 206, 208, 228, 235-6, 240, 242, 244-5, 253-5, 258, 262, 264, 269-70, 278, 282, 303, 347, 385, 416, 418-25, 446
circulation of 130
exchange 13, 144, 157, 234
ratio 134, 347
value 141
export 62, 238 import 65 markets 184, 384, 455 non-reproducible 146 prices of 135, 141-2, 155, 158, 167-9, 180, 377, 386, 421
equations 422
market 152, 154
production of 13, 136-7, 210, 225, 234
costs 131
surplus 238
value of 129, 143, 156, 266
real 133
relative 128
Commons, John R.
314The Legal Foundations of Capitalism (1924) 317
role in development of institutionalism 313-17, 320, 322, 325-6
communism 7-9, 188, 195, 203, 211, 234-6, 240-41,243-4, 246, 249
anarcho- 212
communitarian 212-13
political economy 239 communitarianism
development of 206, 208-9 labour exchanges 206-7
Comte, Charles 150
Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de 75
Essai sur l’origine des connaissances humaines (1746) 83
price theory of 155
Traite des sensations (1754) 83
Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas
Caritat de 75, 84, 87-8
role in development of public choice theory 402-3
Tableau historique des progres de l’esprit humain (1794) 88 Confederation Generale du Travail 196 Conjuncture Institute (Institute of Business Cycles) 333
Conrad, Johannes 302
Conservative Party (UK) (Tories) 167, 170, 304
Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers 152
Considerant, Victor 188
Constant, Benjamin 151
Cooley, C.H. 319
Copeland, Morris
role in development of institutionalism 324
Coquelin, Charles 150
theory of money 163
Cornell University 325
Cornwall, John 441, 445
Corpus Juris Canonici 31
Cossa, Luigi 68
Coste, Pierre 83
Cotton, William
Governor of Bank of England 181
Coughlin, Peter
focus on voting equilibrium 404
Council of Vienna (1311) 31
Courcelle-Seneuil, Jean-Gustave 150
Cournot, Antoine-Augustin 281
trade model of 274, 277
Coutts, Ken 441
Cowles Commission 288, 368
credit 5-6, 10-11, 16, 67, 70, 78, 81, 85, 157, 161,
163-4, 167, 181, 184, 189, 193-4, 196-7,
200, 244, 260, 282, 360, 362, 432, 435, 452 bank 184, 436 expansion of 267, 361 market 164, 186, 450, 452 paper 174, 183 rationing 452-3 risk 174
sale 35, 37-9
Creedy, John 275
Cripps, Francis 441
Cromwell, Oliver 298
Crosland, Tony
The Future of Socialism (1956) 216-17
Crossman, Richard
Labour and the Affluent Society (1960) 217
Cuba 241
Culpepper, Thomas 53, 77
Cunningham, William 68-70, 296, 310
Growth of English Industry and Commerce (1882) 307-9
Currency School 178, 180-82, 185-6, 267
Currency Principle 181, 184
use of quantity theory of money 183 Currie, Lauchlin 215
Daal, Jan van 278
Daire, Eugene 152 Dalrymple, John 107
Essay toward a General History of Feudal Property in Great Britain (1757) 109 Dalziel, P. 431,446
Remarques sur les avantages et les desavantages de la France et de l,Angleterre par rapport au commerce et aux autres sources de la puissance des Etats 82
Dantzig, George 288
Dasgupta, Amiya Kumar
Epochs of Economic Theory (1985) 430 Davanzati, Bernardo
Lezione delle monete (1588) 97-8 Davenant, Charles 53, 77, 79
Davidson, Paul
role in development of post-Keynesianism 439, 441,445-6
Debreu, Gerard 283, 288
general equilibrium model of 289 debts 5, 163, 174-5, 443-4, 446, 453
bank 175
contracts 442
public 77, 126, 409, 416
state 229
Decker, Matthew 66, 77
De Leon, Daniel 213
Del Vecchio, Gustavo 287
demand function 27, 121,256, 262, 277, 395, 426
aggregate 348 cash-balance 379
money 380-81, 383, 385, 388 democracy 8, 11, 192-3, 199, 217, 230, 298, 402-3, 408
direct 408
industrial 213
parliamentary 410-11 representative 220, 408 two party systems 408
Demosthenes 16
Denmark
Copenhagen 47
De Quincey, Thomas 145-6
The Logic of Political Economy (1844) 146
De Roover, Raymond 260
Descartes, Rene 83
Destutt de Tracy, Antoine-Louis-Claude 150-51
price theory of 154
De Viti de Marco, Antonio
role in development of public choice theory
402
Dewey, John 314, 317-18
Dezamy, Alexandre Theodore 188
Dickinson, Henry Douglas 215
Diderot, Denis 75
Diehl, Karl 258
Dietzel, Heinrich 258
Diocletian
edictum of prices and wages 17-18
Dixon, H.D. 450
Dmitriev, Vladimir Karpovich 286, 329
Dobb, Maurice Herbert 416
role in development of Cambridge School 343, 349
Dodgson, Charles (Lewis Carroll)
role in development of public choice theory
403
Domar, Evsey 333 growth model of 363
Domat, Jean 94
Dorfman, Joseph 314, 324-5
Doria, Paolo Mattia 93, 95
Douglas, Paul 368
Dow, Sheila 436
Dowd, Douglas 325
Downs, Anthony
theory of paradox of voting 404
Dreze, Jacques 455
Dumenil, Gerard 245
Dunlop, John Thomas 433
role in development of Keynesianism 454
Dunoyer de Segonzac, Barthelemy-Charles 150
Dupont de Nemours, Pierre-Samuel 76, 87
Dupuit, Jules 150
Durbin, Evan Frank Mottram 214-15
The Problem of Credit Policy (1935) 214
Durkheim, Emile 197
Dutot (or Du Tot), Nicolas 80-81
Dutt, Amitava 441
Ecole normale superieure 197
Ecole pratique des hautes etudes 287
Economic Journal 268, 274, 279, 309, 358
The Economist 182
Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro 274-6 Mathematical Psychics (1881) 274, 279 view of exchange 275
Edie, Lionel 313-14
Egypt
Ptolemaic (305-30 bc) 6
Eichner, Alfred 439, 442-3, 446
Einaudi, Luigi 104
Ejiciens 33, 34
Ekonomika i matematicheskie metody 338 Elizabeth I, Queen 69
Elster, Jon 245
Ely, Richard T. 317
Encyclopedie, ou Dictionnaire raisonne des sciences, des arts et des metiers 75-6, 84
Enfantin, Barthelemy Prosper 188
socialist theory of
societal transformation 189-90
Engels, Friedrich 225, 228, 235, 241, 256, 263
Dialectics of Nature (1872-73) 247 Enlightenment
development of economic theories during 75-87
Enlightenment, French
commerce politique 77 doux commerce 79-80 islands concept 77-8 liberte du commerce 84 philosophes economistes 86-7 philosophie economique 84-6, 89 role of legislators 86-7 sensationalism during 83-4 legal despotism 84
Enlightenment, Italian 92-4, 101-4
civil 93-5
Milanese School 93, 98-103
Neapolitan School 93, 95-8
Enlightenment, Scottish 92, 103, 107-9, 113, 123-4, 260
stages of 109-11
theory of
capital accumulation 118-19 division of labour 120 money 112-15 natural liberty 122-3
Epinay, Louise d’ 98
Estonia 257
European Central Bank (ECB) 413
European Union (EU) 408
Treaty of Lisbon
Article 5 407
Everett, Helen
definition of social control 313
exchange rates 167-8, 170-71, 175, 177,
364
decline in 169, 175, 177-8 depreciation of 172 flexible 378, 388
nominal 378
relationship with price of bullion 175, 177-8
Ezekiel, Mordecai 322
Fabian Society 209-10, 274
Fathers of the Church 18, 22, 31-2
Faulkner, William 3
Fazzari, Steve 441 federalism 196, 198-9, 202, 407 competitive 406
Feldman, G.A.
role in development of Russian mathematical economics 333
socialist theory of 240
Feldstein, M. 431
Ferguson, Adam 107, 120, 124, 260
Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767) 113
Fermat, Pierre de 85
Fetter, Frank Whitson
observations of development of balance of trade doctrine 62
feudalism 120-21, 234, 307
decline of 113, 118
Filangieri, Gaetano 93
First World War (1914-18) 175, 178, 202-3, 213-14, 223, 226-7, 286, 318, 375 political impact of 238-9
Fisher, Irving 274, 281, 318, 381,431,439 criticisms of 359 quantity theory of 379
Fitzgerald, Valpy 441
Flores de Lemus, Antonio 287
Fogel, Robert 368
Foley, Duncan 245
Fontana, Giuseppe 445
Fontenelle, Bernard Le Bovier de 75
Forbonnais, Franρois Veron de 76, 88
trade theories of 81
Forester, Norman 2
Fortrey, Samuel
role in development of favourable trade balance 64
Foster, Fagg 325
Fourier, Franρois Marie Charles 188 socialist theory of 190-91 industrial development 190-91 societal transformation 190-91
Foxwell, Herbert 274
France 45, 75, 77, 81, 88, 111, 125, 152-3, 160, 202, 245, 287, 441
February Revolution (1848) 188, 202, 225-6 July Revolution (1830) 189, 202
Marseille 197
monetary system of 161
Navigation Act in 82
Paris 20, 98, 281
Paris Commune 153, 188, 196, 202
Revolution (1789-99) 75-6, 88-9, 198
Second Empire (1852-70) 153
Second Republic (1848-52) 191
Third Republic (1870-1940) 188
University Act (2004) 285
Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) 281
Frankfurt School 218, 241-2
Fraser, Lindley M. 276
Frederik II of Prussia 69
Free Trade Treaty (1860) 153 Freeman, Edward A.
Comparative Politics (1873) 307 model of social progress 307
Freeman, Richard 373
French Regulation 442
French Section of the Workers’ International
(SFIO) 188 Frey, Bruno S.
intermediary theory of democracy 410-12 Friedlander, Eberhard
Die Theorie des Werths (1852) 257
theory of Bedtirfniβeinheiten (units of need) 257
Friedman, Milton 260, 323, 352, 371, 383, 391, 393, 449
A Monetary History of the United States (1963) 375, 388
permanent income hypothesis (PIH) 384 A Program for Monetary Stability (1960) 387 role in development of Chicago School 368-9
Marshallian price theory 369
role in development of monetarism 375, 379, 387, 394
representative portfolio holder 381 simple common IS-LM model 383 use of NCM 391-2
theory of consumption 370-71 Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia 46 Fronsperger, L. 17
Fukuda, Tokuzo 287
Fullarton, John 181, 184-5
Furstenau, Johann Hermann
Grtindliche Anleitung Zu der Haushaltungs- Kunst (1736) 47
Ftirstenspiegel 44
Gaitskell, Hugh 214
Galbraith, John Kenneth 218, 325, 442 Galiani, Ferdinando 85, 93, 97-8
Dialogues sur le commerce des bleds [bles] (1770) 88, 97, 98
Gambs, John 325
Garbe, Christian 253
Garin, Eugenio 93
Der italienische Humanismus (1942) 93 Garnier, Joseph 150, 152-3, 159 Garrison, Roger W. 259
Gasser, Simon Peter
role in development of cameralism 47 Gavurin, M.K.
Gee, Joshua 66
general equilibrium 201, 283-6, 288-90 models 456-7
Arrow-Debreu 289
Paretian 268, 289-92 neo-Walrasian 281
Walrasian 277, 283, 287-8, 290-92, 391 Genovesi, Antonio 92-3
Discorso sopra il vero fine delle lettere e delle scienze (1753) 96
Lezioni di economia civile (1765-67) 95-7 role in Neapolitan School of Italian
Enlightenment 95-7
George, Henry
Progress and Poverty (1879) 209
George Mason University 259 Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas 258
German Historical School 226, 295 Kathedersozialisten (socialists of the chair) 226-7
German School 252, 270, 279 development of 253-5 Use Value School 253-8, 260, 270
marginal utility in 256 quantitative value in 255
German Social Democratic Party 226 Germany 46-7, 225, 232, 296, 301-2, 330, 408,
411
Baden 299
Berlin 76, 225, 239, 286, 296, 401
Breslau 298
Fall of Berlin Wall (1989) 246
Frankfurt 298
Freiburg 299
Gottingen 296
Hamburg 170
Hanover 47
Heidelberg 257
Jena 298-9
Leipzig 298
Marburg 299
National Assembly 298
Gervaise, Isaac observation of development of mercantilism
53
Giannone, Pietro 95
Gide, Charles 197
founder of Revue d’economiepolitique 153
Histoire des doctrines economiques depuis les Physiocrates jusqu’a nos jours (1909) 295
Gilbart, James William opposition to Bank Act (1844) 182
Giles of Lessines 31, 37
Giornale degli Economisti 284
Glaeser, Martin 314
Global Financial Crisis (2007-09) 270, 444 globalization 219-20, 247
Godley, Wynne
role in development of
Cambridge School 343 post-Keynesianism 440-42 stock-flow consistent model (SFC) 446 Goffredus of Trani
moral hazard interpretation of Naviganti 38-9
gold 10, 26, 115, 169-71, 182, 185-6, 267, 377 bullion 167, 172, 176-7 coins 162, 181, 184 global stock of 377-8 gold standard 114, 161, 172, 180, 184, 365, 378, 437
market price of 167-8, 172, 177 suspension of payments in 180 value of 30, 177
labour 244
Goldscheid, Rudolf
Staatssozialismus oder Staatskapitalismus (1917) 229
Goodhart, Charles A.E. 394
Goodrich, Carter 314, 325
Goodwin, Richard Murphy 430
role in development of Cambridge School 343, 349 post-Keynesianism 441
Gordon, D.B. 394
Gordon, Thomas 79
Gordon, Wendell 325
Gossen, Hermann Heinrich 283
Entwickelung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs und der daraus flieβenden
Regeln fur menschliches Handeln (1854) 257-8
Gournay, Jacques-Claude-Marie Vincent de, see Vincent, Jacques-Claude-Marie (Marquis of Gournay)
Graslin, Jean-Joseph-Louis 76, 87, 132-3 theory of labour values 85
Gratian 33
Decretum 27, 31-2
Gray, John
Lecture on Human Happiness (1825) 207, 209 role in development of communitarianism 206-8
The Social System, a Treatise on the Principle of Exchange (1831) 207 Graziani, Augusto 441
Great Depression 223, 231, 364, 375, 388, 448
Wall Street Crash (1929) 215
Greece, ancient 5, 297
Athens 5-6, 8, 16
Greeley, Horace 209
Green, T.H. 209, 280
Greenwald, B.C. 450
Gregory IX, Pope 31
Naviganti 38-9
Gregory of Nazianzus 31
Grice-Hutchinson, Marjorie 22, 260 Griliches, Zvi 371
Groman, V.G. 333
Gronlund, Laurence 211-12
The Co-operative Commonwealth (1886)
211
Grossmann, Henryk 240
Grotius, Hugo 22, 39, 57
Groves, Harold 314
Gruchy, Allan 325
Grunberg, Carl 302
Guesde, Jules 197
Guillaumin, Gilbert-Urbain
founder of Journal des economistes 152
Guillebaud, Claude William 343
Guizot, Franρois 152
Haberler, Gottfried 259, 270
Hahn, Frank Horace 290, 352, 454 criticisms of NCM 395
focus on conjectural equilibria 455
Hahn, Hans 288
Hale, Robert 314, 320
Hales, Alexander 21
observations of development of balance of trade doctrine 62
Hall, Stuart 219
Hamilton, Walton 314, 320-22
The Control of Wages (1923) 320
“The institutional approach to economic theory”(1918)313
role in development of institutionalism 313, 315-16, 318, 324
Hammarskjδld, Dag 362, 366
role in development of Stockholm School 358
sequence analysis 363
Hammurabi of Babylon 21
Hamouda, Omar F. 440
Handman, Max 324
Hansen, Alvin
theory of “stagnation” 216
Harberger, Arnold
role in development of Chicago School 371
focus on price theory 369 Harcourt, Geoffrey Colin 431,440, 443 role in development of Cambridge School 343
Harrington, Michael 217
Harrison, Frederic 209
Harrod, Roy Forbes 436
growth model of 363
role in development of
Cambridge School 343 post-Keynesianism 439
Hatton, Edward 53
Hayek, Friedrich August von 258, 335, 338, 362
The Constitution of Liberty (1960) 268 criticisms of 269-70
founder of Mont Pelerin Society 268
Geldtheorie und Konjunkturtheorie (Monetary Theory and Theory of Economic Fluctuations) (1929) 268
Prices and Production (1930) 214, 268
The Pure Theory of Capital (1941) 268 The Road to Serfdom (1944) 268 theory of
business cycle 267
competition 268-9 economic fluctuation 268-9 unemployment 269
Hearn, William Edward
Plutology (1864) 275
Heath, J.B.
Deputy Governor of Bank of England 181
Heckman, James 368, 371
Heckscher, Eli Filip 54, 68, 70
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 225, 280
Philosophy of Right 48
Heimann, Eduard 230
model of market socialism 230-31
Hein, Eckhard 441
Heinrich, Friedrich Julius
Die Nazionalokonomie (1805) 254 Helvetius, Claude-Adrien 75, 84 Hempel, Carl 323
Henderson, Hubert Douglas 343
Henderson, Leon 215
Henry of Langenstein
Tractatus de Contractibus 27
Herford, C.H. 274
Hermann, Friedrich Benedict Wilhelm von
Staatswirthschaftliche Untersuchungen (1832)
254
theory of interest 263
Hermann, Gottfried 297
Hertzka, Theodor
Freiland 227
Hesiod 9
Heterodox Economics Newsletter 249
Hibbs, Douglas A.
partisan theory of democracy 410-11
Hicks, John Richard 275-6, 278, 289, 436, 439 demand theory 369 neo-Austrian theory 259
Value and Capital (1939) 289, 364 Hicks-Hansen Model (IS-LM Model)
Keynesian view of 435-6
Monetarist view of 380, 383
Hildebrand, Bruno 257, 298
Die Nationalokonomie der Gegenwart und Zukunft (1848) 256, 298
founder of Jahrbuch fur Gesetzgebung. Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft im Deutschen Reiche 299
Hilferding, Rudolf 223, 237, 239
Finance Capital (1910) 237
theory of imperialism 237-8
Hill, Forest 325
Hirsch, Fred 254 historical economies 279, 295, 302-3, 309-10
development of concept 295-6, 302-3 focus on national economic development 303
English 304-5, 309-10 shortcomings of 308 social progress models 307
German 296-303
mercantilism in 301-2
political economy 296-9
Younger Historical School 300-301 historical materialism 234-5 Historical School 5, 68, 70 historicism 104, 306
English 309
German 302, 317
Hobbes, Thomas 94-5
Leviathan 55
Hobsbawm, Eric 247
Hobson, John Atkinson 214-15, 239, 321
Hobson, Samuel George 213
Hodgson, Geoffrey 326
Hoggart, Richard 219
Holbach, Paul Henri Thiry d' 75, 84, 87 Homer 6-7, 9, 11
Horace, Frank 349, 401
Horioka, C. 431
Horner, Francis 167, 171-2
Hδrnigk, Philipp Wilhelm von 45
Osterreich uber alles, wann es nur will (1684)
44
Horowitz, Steven G. 259
Howard, M.C. 248
Hoxie, Robert 316 Huang, Haizhou 394 Hufeland, Gottlieb Neue Grundlegung der
Staatswirthschaftskunst (1807) 254 humanism 5, 15, 17, 93-5
Italian 93 Hume, David 62, 77, 107, 111-13, 260, 377, 396-7
Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary (1752) 62, 107-8
On Jealousy of Trade 115
On Money (1752) 115 theories of
money 113-16 quantity theory 377 trade 61, 167
Treatise of Human Nature 108 Huskisson, William 171 Hutcheson, Francis 39, 107, 110, 260 Hutchison, Terence W 274, 276 Hutton, James 107 Huygens, Christiaan 83 Hyndman, Henry Mayers 211
imperialism 55, 237-9, 242-3, 247
Marxian theory of 246 India 114, 182
Industrial Revolution 206 inflation 18, 167, 175, 331, 353-4, 361, 365,
375, 386-7, 411,449 cumulative 360, 362 rates 386 wage 244 institutional economics/institutionalism 104,
215, 326, 442
American 324
decline of 322-5 development of 313-16, 320-22
definitions 313
social control 313
relationship with business cycle theory 313, 318, 321-2
role of markets 320-21
market failure 321 interest 10, 20, 27, 35, 37, 40-41,224, 263-4,
361
loans 36-7, 39
prohibition of 18
rates 17, 52, 86, 265, 336, 360, 392
equilibrium 269-70, 362 loan 361-2 money 267, 270 natural 267, 362, 443 International Economic Association (IEA) Microeconomic Foundations of Macroeconomics (1977) 454 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 368, 437 International Workers of the World establishment of (1905) 213 Iowa State University 371 Ischomachos 15 Islam 1, 20 Italy 76, 93, 242, 287, 350, 354
Milan 92, 99
Naples 92
Jahrbuch fur Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft im Deutschen Reiche 301 founding of 299
Jakob, Ludwig Heinrich von
Grundsatze der National-Oeconomie (1805) 254
James, Henry 172
James, William 319
Japan 1, 241, 287
Jaures, Jean 197-9
Histoire socialiste de la Revolution franςaise
198
Jesuits 40
Jevons, William Stanley 257, 264, 274-8, 280-81,401
role in development of public choice theory 401-2
theory of exchange 275
Theory of Political Economy 279
trading body concept 274-5 Johansson, Alf
role in development of Stockholm School 358
Wage Changes and Unemployment (1934)
365
John of Gerson 40-41
Chancellor of University of Paris 40 Johnson, Edgar
concept of “staple system” 56
Johnson, Gale
role in development of Chicago School 368, 371
Johnson, Harry 372
Jolink, A. 278
Jones-Loyd, Samuel, see Overstone, Lord Joplin, Thomas 187
Journal des economistes 150, 153, 156, 161 founding of (1841) 152
Journal of Economic Literature 439
Journal of Law & Economics 372
Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 442
founding of (1978) 439
Judaism 20
Judges, Arthur 52
Juglar, Clement 150-51
analysis of crises 163-4
Junker, Louis 325
just price 7, 24-5, 40, 80
concepts of 21-3
Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlob von 47-8, 302
Staatswirthschaft 48
justice 39, 58, 84, 87, 102, 165, 189, 201, 405 commutative 11-13, 23-5, 27 distributive 11-12, 23-5, 27 particular 23
Justinian
Digest 58
Kahn, Richard Ferdinand 431, 433
role in development of
Cambridge School 343-4, 348-50 post-Keynesianism 439
Kaldor, Nicholas 244, 348, 435-6
role in development of Cambridge School 343-4, 349-50
pure economic theory 350
role in development of post-Keynesianism 439-41, 445
Kalecki, Michal 240-41,243, 430, 433-5
role in development of
Cambridge School 343 post-Keynesianism 439-40
Kames, Lord (Henry Home) 107
Historical Law Tracts (1761) 109
Kant, Immanuel 49, 75-6, 280
Kantorovich, Leonid Vital’evich 286, 329, 334, 337
The Application of Mathematics in Economic Research (1964) 337-8
focus on
optimal cutting of materials 336 transport costs 336
Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences recipient (1975) 334
Optimal Use of Economic Resources (1959) 337
Plywood Trust problem 334-6
theory of “objectively determined valuations” (ODVs) 338-9 Kaplan, N. 442 Kautsky, Karl 223, 237, 239
Kenya 227
Keynes, John Maynard 2, 215-16, 240, 243-4, 322-3, 343, 378, 398-9, 427, 435, 457 concept of macromarkets 450 criticisms of 268-70, 352
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936) 214-15, 347, 350, 358, 366, 382-3, 388, 391-2, 430-37, 439, 448
quantity theory of 379 role in development of
Cambridge School 343-4, 346-8 post-Keynesianism 439
theory of liquidity preference 349, 381-4, 436, 448
thrift paradox 444
A Tract of Monetary Reform (1923) 347, 380, 385, 430, 432-3
A Treatise on Money (1930) 347, 430, 432-3, 439, 452
Keynesianism 215-16, 218, 223, 240, 322-3, 366, 376, 391, 430-31
accumulation in 431
full employment 432-4 monetary policy 432-3 neoclassical synthesis 448 new (NK) 448-50, 452-7 credit rationing 452-3 general equilibrium 454-7 labour in 450-51
Modigliani-Miller (MM) theorem 453 wage setting schedule (WSS) 451-2 post- 439-46
American/Marshallian 439-41 Cambridge 439-40, 442 financial 440 fundamentalist 440 institutionalist 442
Kaldor-Pasinetti models 439 Kaldorians 442
Kaleckian/Robinsonians 440-42 Sraffian/neo-Ricardian 440 theories rejected by 443 stock exchange 434
Kiev University 337 King, John E. 248, 439 King, Peter (Peter, 7th Baron King) 167, 175 Thoughts on the Restriction of Payments in Specie at the Banks of England and Ireland (1803) 171
King’s College London 279 Kirzner, Israel 259, 270 Knies, Karl 257, 298-9
Die politische Oekonomie vom Standpunkte der gesechichtlichen Methode (1853) 299
Knight, Frank H. 260, 379
criticisms of 359
role in development of Chicago School 368 Marshallian price theory 369
Koester, Gerrit B. 411
Kolabinska, Marie
La circulation des elites en France (The Circulation of Elites in France) (1912) 286
Kondratiev, Nicolai D. 333
theory of long waves in economies 333 Koopmans, Tjalling 288, 334 Kramer, Gerald 403, 405 Kraus, Christian Jacob 270
Kregel, Jan A. 439, 443
Kritsman, L.M.
role in development of planning theory 331-2
Kurz, Heinz D. 125, 262, 424
Kuznets, Simon 319, 370 Kydland, F.E. 394 Kyrk, Hazel 319
Labini, Sylos 442
labour 38, 50, 53, 112, 126, 143, 158-9, 193-4, 208-10, 213, 224, 243, 258, 263, 322, 371 commodification of 206 direct 134, 139, 141
division of 6, 17, 120, 157, 189, 224, 319 international 65
exploitation of 195, 212 human 224, 236 indirect 139, 141 market 157, 320, 392, 446, 450 misallocation of 269 mobility of 156 movement 318
productivity 264, 451 supply 121, 159, 386 surplus 235 value 240
wage 10, 17, 417
labour exchanges 157, 196, 206-7
Labour Party (UK) 218-20
electoral victory of (1945) 216
New Labour 220-21
labour theory 13, 64, 88
of value 14, 103, 134, 139, 141, 143-5, 201, 206, 223, 236, 245-7, 351,419
Lachmann, Ludwig M. 259 Lafargue, Paul 197 Lagardelle, Hubert 200
Lagrangian multipliers 334
Laidler, David
role in development of monetarism 375 laissez-faire 52, 66, 70, 76
Della moneta (1751) 97-8
Dialogues sur le commerce des bleds [bles] (1770) 88, 97, 98
development of 76, 83, 97
role in philosophie economique 86 Lancaster, Kevin 255 Landauer, Carl
view of planned capitalism 231
Landry, Adolphe 197
socialist theory of
use of marginalism in 202
Lange, Oskar Ryszard 240, 289
Langholm, Odd 58-9
La Revue socialiste 197
Lasch, Christopher
Culture of Narcissism (1979) 219
Lassalle, Ferdinand 197, 225
Das System der erwobenen Rechte (1861) 225 founder of Allgemeiner deutscher Arbeiterverein 226
socialist theory of 225-6 economic 226
Launhardt, Wilhelm 278
Laur, Ernst 330
Laurent, Hermann
Petit traite d’economie politique mathematique (Small Treatise on Mathematical Political Economy) (1902) 281
Lausanne School (Ecole de Lausanne) 281, 284-5, 287-92, 401
faculty of 281-2, 284-6 founding of 281-2
Nouvelle Ecole de Lausanne (New Lausanne School) 285
texts inspired by 285-7
Lavington, Frederick 343
Lavoie, Marc 439
stock-flow consistent model (SFC) 446 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent 75
Law, John 76
laws of nations 57-8
view of trade 58
Lawson, Tony 443
League of Nations 364
Le Bovier de Fontenelle, Bernard, see Fontenelle, Bernard Le Bovier de
Le Censeur 152
Le Censeur Europeen 152
L’economiste
founding of (1873) 153
Lederer, Emil 229, 240
Planwirtschaft (1932) 231
Lee, Frederic S. 439
Le Goff, Jacques 32
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 85
Leijonhufvud, Axel 392, 448
Le Mercier de la Riviere, Pierre-Paul 86
L’ordre naturel et essentiel des societes politiques (1767) 83
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich
Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916) 238-9
Leningrad Polytechnical Institute 337
Leningrad University 334-5
Leone, Enrico 287
Leontief, Wassily W 288-9, 332, 430, 439
Le Pesant de Boisguilbert, Pierre, see Boisguilbert, Pierre le Pesant de
Lerner, Abba Ptachya 289, 439
Leroux, Pierre 188, 192 socialist theory of 192
Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul 150
Essai sur la repartition des richesses 160 founder of L’economiste 153
Lescohier, Don 314
Leslie, Cliff 279, 296, 304-7, 309
Essays in Political and Moral Philosophy 305 “The political economy of Adam Smith” (1870) 305
Lessius, Leonardus (Lenaert Leys) 40-41 concept of carentia pecuniae 40
Lester, Richard
criticisms of price theory 369
Le Trosne, Guillaume-Franρois 86
Levasseur, Emile 68
Levy Institute 441
Lewis, H. Gregg 368
Lexis, Wilhelm 302 liberalism
economic 152-3
Manchester 310
libertarianism 196
Lindahl, Erik 287 criticisms of 362-3, 365
The Ends of Monetary Policy (1929) 360
The Means of Monetary Policy (1930) 360 role in development of Stockholm School 358-61
countercyclical fiscal policy 365 use of sequence analysis 364
Studies in the Theory of Money and Capital (1939) 362
“Place of capital in the theory of price” 359
theory of price-level stabilization 364-5
Linguet, Simon-Nicolas-Henri 88
liquidity 167, 173, 214, 355, 384, 398, 437, 444 domestic 63
preference 28, 347, 349, 381-3, 392, 436, 441, 448
risk 168, 174
trap 388
List, Friedrich 298
criticisms of British political economy 299
Das nationale System der politischen Oekonomie (1841) 298
Lloyd, Henry 99
loans 28, 33, 35, 40, 269, 437, 443
interest 36-7, 39
mutuum 33-4, 36-7
rate of interest 361-2
Locke, John 53, 66, 109
Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) 83
Lombard, Alexander
Tractatus de Usuris 27
Lombard, Peter
Sentences 34
London School of Economics (LSE) 268, 289, 364
Tooke Chair 268
Longfield, Samuel Mountifort 146
Lotz, Johann Friedrich Eusebius
Revision der Grundbegriffe der Nationalwirthschaftslehre (1811-14) 254
Louis XIV 76
Lowe, Adolph 439
Lubin, Isador 318
Lucas, Robert E. 391-3
role in development of
Chicago School 368
NCM 396-8
Ludwig von Mises Institute 259
Lundberg, Erik 362
role in development of Stockholm School 358-9, 363, 366
Studies in the Theory of Economic Expansion (1937) 363
Luxembourg Commission 194, 196
Luxemburg, Rosa 240
Accumulation of Capital (1913) 238
luxuries 58-9, 80, 88, 95, 109-13, 116-18, 124, 237, 255
commodities 137
corrupting influence of 63 importing of 63
production of 117
Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de 88
Doutes proposes aux philosophes economistes sur l’ordre naturel et essentiel des societes politiques (1768) 82-3
Machiavelli, Niccolδ 54-5, 94
concept of reason of state 44
theory of international relations 55 Machlup, Fritz 259, 270 macroeconomics 208, 214, 358, 364, 375, 388, 392, 399, 450, 455
Kaleckian 244
Keynesian 232, 243, 368
new 398
management 215 post-Keynesian 247
Magnusson, Lars 53
Maine, Sir Henry 310
Ancient Law (1861) 305-6
model of social progress 307
Village Communities in the East and West (1871) 305-7
Maitland, Frederic William
Domesday Book and Beyond (1897) 309
Malebranche, Nicolas 85
Malon, Benoit 188, 197
influence of 197
socialist theory of 198
criticism of collectivist socialism 197 Malthus, Thomas Robert 140, 145, 160, 165, 167, 172, 178, 430-31
theory of population 152, 160 Malynes, Gerard de 53
Manchester School 226
Mandeville, Bernard de 17, 40, 118
Fable of the Bees (1705) 94, 110 Mankiw, G. 450
Manne, Henry 372 Mantel, Rolf 289 manufacturing 45-6, 55, 78, 109, 115, 119, 133, 136-7, 190, 235
local 112
national 63-4, 82
small-scale 315
technology 235
Mao Zedong 241, 243
Marchet, Gustav 302
Marcuse, Herbert
One Dimensional Man (1964) 218-19, 248 marginal productivity theory 24, 263, 266, 318, 329, 353, 425, 439, 443 marginal utility theory 252-3, 255, 266, 276, 319, 329, 401-2
development of 315, 330
use by Austrian School 259
of value 97, 145-6 marginalism 27, 104, 145, 252-3, 276, 317-18, 426-7
British/English 274-5, 280 development of 275-7
utility functions in 277-8 socialist 197, 201-2, 223 theory of wages 417 value theory 202
Margot, Arthur W. 290
Marris, Robin 343
Marschak, Jacob 288
Marseille Congress (1879) 197
Marshall, Alfred 2, 14, 145, 274, 279-80, 307, 343, 348, 359, 417, 431
criticisms of 346
Money, Credit and Commerce (1923) 431 price theory of 368
Principles of Economics (1890) 306, 308, 329, 343, 353-4, 383, 431
role in development of
Cambridge School 343-5, 353 historical economics 304-6
Martyn, Henry 53, 65
Considerations upon the East India Trade (1701) 65
Marx, Karl Heinrich 14, 40, 95, 103, 127, 136, 144, 188, 194, 197, 209, 212-13, 225-6, 228, 234, 236, 241,243, 248, 261, 300, 419 Capital 125, 198, 225, 236-7, 240-41, 243, 263, 303-4
Communist Manifesto 198, 200, 235, 247, 256
A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy 125
criticisms of 274
Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts (1844) 241
Theories of Surplus Value (1861-63) 125, 241 theory of
accumulation 350
interest 263
labour value 421, 425 production modes 234 revolutionary development 198
Marxism 188, 200, 223, 226-9, 244-5, 249, 285, 287, 310, 348, 351,444
Analytical 245-6
critiques of 199-200 development cycle 243
Hegelian 241, 247
Japanese 241 political economy 214, 235, 240-42, 245, 248-9
postmodern 247
Rational Choice 245
Soviet 241
theory of
reproduction 333
value 197, 200, 225, 236, 241
Mas-Colell, Andreu 427 materialism 84
Mathematical School (Ecole mathematique) 281
Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de 75 Maurer, Georg Ludwig von 307-8
May, Kenneth O. 403, 405 Mayer, Hans 259, 270 Mazier, Jacques 442 Mazzola, Ugo 402
McCallum, Bennett 375, 391 McCloskey, D.N. 368, 371 McCombie, John 441
McCulloch, John Ramsay 125 criticisms of mercantilism 68
McKenzie, Lionel 289 McMahon, Theresa 319 Meade, James Edward 214-15, 431, 433, 436
Introduction to Economic Analysis (1936) 215 role in development of Cambridge School 343
Means, Gardner 314, 320-21, 325, 442 The Holding Company (1932) 320 The Modern Corporation and Private Property (1932) 216, 320
Mearns, Andrew 209
Medieval economic theories 28, 39 conception of money 28-9 function of money 33-5 relationship with metal 28-30 conception of interest 35-6 extrinsic titles 36-7, 40 foenus nauticum 38-9 development of 20-21 role of church in 20 interest theory 35-7, 40-41 just price theory 21-5, 40
Meek, Ronald 245
Meiklejohn, Alexander 324
Melon, Jean-Franρois
Essai politique sur le commerce 77-9 Meltzer, Allan
role in development of monetarism 375 criticisms of IS-LM model 380 focus on imperfect substitutability 382 Menger, Anton 227 Menger, Carl 227, 257-8, 263, 401
critique of German historicism 302-3 Grundsatze der Volkswirthschaftslehre (1871) 252, 266
hierarchy of goods 257, 262, 266, 269 role in the development of Austrian theory 261-2
role in development of public choice theory 401-2
theory of interest 263 utilisation theory of interest 261-2, 265-6 Menger, Karl
Mathematisches Kolloquium 288, 290 mercantilism 5, 40, 70-71, 301-2, 377, 401 balance of trade doctrine 62-5, 69, 71,
78-9
gain from exchange doctrine 65 criticisms of 66-8 development of 52, 60, 68-71 as “science of commerce” 53 as “science of trade” 53, 62, 65-6, 77 trade concepts 54-5, 59
Merchant Adventurers 56, 59
Michigan State University 325 microeconomics 208, 363-4 post-Keynesian 442
Midas, King 10 Milburn, Alan 220 Mill, James 418-19 commodity variants 419, 422
Mill, John Stuart 125, 145-6, 165, 274-6, 295, 305, 401
Essays on Some Unsettled Questions in
Political Economy (1829-30) 146 opposition to Bank Act (1844) 182 Principles of Political Economy (1848) 146 role in development of public choice theory
401
Miller, Merton 368
Mills, F.C. 314
Mincer, Jacob 373 Minsky, Hyman Philip 354-5, 439, 441 financial fragility hypothesis 445 role in development of post-Keynesianism 441, 446
Mints, Lloyd 379
Mirabeau, Victor Riqueti de 52, 76 criticisms of mercantilism 66, 68 Philosophie rurale (1763) 66
Mirrlees, James 402
Mises, Ludwig Heinrich von 230, 258, 260, 267, 289, 338
concept of praxeology 266-8 critique of Gemeinwirtschaft 230 “Economic calculation in a socialist
commonwealth” 215
founder of Austrian Institute of Business
Cycle Research 266, 268 Nationalokonomie. Theorie des Handelns und
Wirtschaftens (1940) 266
Theorie des Geldes und der Umlaufsmittel (Theory of Money and the Means of Circulation) (1912) 266 theory of socialism 267-8
Misselden, Edward 53
observations of development of balance of trade doctrine 62
Mitchell, Wesley Clair 313-14, 319, 370
Business Cycles (1913) 321
role in development of institutionalism 315, 324
“Statistics and government” (1919) 318 theory of business cycles 313
Moggridge, Donald
Modern Masters (1976) 436
Molinari, Gustave de 150, 153, 157
Cours (1855) 157-8
income distribution theory of 160
Les notions fondamentales d’economie politique 157
monarchy 8, 55, 61, 80-81, 86, 298
absolute 77
mixed 62
universal 55, 78-9 monetarism 352, 375, 380-81, 384-5, 387-8, 393-4
as product of Chicago School 371-2 development of 375
Lucas-Rapping surprise function 386 monetary orthodoxy 384-5 new classical macroeconomics (NCM) 391-9
macro disequilibrium 392-3 microfoundation of macroeconomics 397-8
quantity theory in 376-8, 382-4 transmission mechanism 380-81
money 69, 101, 443
barter 162-3
bimetallism 161-2
conceptions of 44-6
Medieval 28-30, 33-5
demand 436
zero interest-elasticity 384
depreciation of 164, 168-9
gold 177
quantity theory of 80, 115-16, 183, 372 in monetarism 376-8
purchasing power of 376 monopoly 17, 22, 54-5, 58, 71, 78-80, 88, 114, 121, 136, 150, 157-9, 161, 189, 197, 210, 216, 237, 240, 315, 319, 321, 346, 410, 455 capital 244 criticisms of 59
definitions of 60
industrial 210
monopolistic competition 410, 456 natural 201
of issuance 163
opposition to 65
private 60
state 239
Mont Pelerin Society 260
founding of (1967) 268
Montchretien, Antoine de 54, 56
trade theories of 60
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat de
61, 75, 79-80, 98
De l’esprit des lois (1748) 76
influence over French classical political economy 151
influence over Italian Enlightenment
95
theory of corps intermediares 95 trade theories of 80
Montgomery, Robert 314, 324 Moore, Basil 436
role in development of post-Keynesianism 441
Moreau de Maupertuis, Pierre Louis, see Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de Moret, Jacques 287
Morgenstern, Oskar 259, 270
Morishima, Michio 287
Morris, William 211-12
News from Nowhere (1890) 212
Mueller, D.C.
models of democracy 409
Muller, Adam 298
Muller, Karl Otfried 297
Mun, Thomas 53, 56
A Discourse of Trade (1621) 62
England’s Treasure by Forraign Trade (1644) 62
role in development of mercantilism 60, 66-7
Mundell, Robert Alexander 372
Murphy, Kevin M. 373
Murray, Roberto 286
Musgrave, Richard Abel
theory of constitutional contracts 405 “Voluntary exchange theory of public economy” (1939) 402
Myrdal, Gunnar 268, 287, 363, 365, 435 definition of monetary equilibrium 363 The Economic Effects of Fiscal Policy (1934) 365
“On the theoretical concept of monetary equilibrium” (1931) 361-2
The Problem of Price Formation and the Factor of Change (1927) 359 role in development of Stockholm School 358-9
countercyclical fiscal policy 365
Nagel, Ernest 323
Nakayama, Ichiro 287
Napoleoni, Claudio 245 Napoleonic Wars (1803-15)
Battle of Waterloo (1815) 172
Nash Jr, John Forbes 456
National Bureau of Economic Research
(NBER) 288, 314, 321, 370-71 founding of 318 studies produced by 318-19 nationalism 188, 225-6, 298 natural law 10, 22-3, 39, 43-4, 57-8, 66, 71,95,
97, 131, 153, 156, 224, 242, 282, 298, 306 provisions of 57-8 violation of 260
natural liberty 65-6, 122-3
Neale, Walter 325
Negishi, Takashi 287 Neisser, Hans 288
Nell, Edward 443
Nemchinov, Vasily Serge’evich 286 focus on Soviet econometrics 337 role in development of Russian School of
Mathematical Economics 337 neoclassical economics 245, 274-6, 322-3, 349,
351,401
criticisms of 305-6, 352-3 view of labour market 450
neoliberalism 242, 247-8 neo-Ricardian economics 416-17
capital
price Wicksell effect (PWE) 425-6
real Wicksell effect (RWE) 425-6 choice of technique 423-4 wage curve 422-3
Neri, Pompeo 93, 99
Netherlands
Holland 67, 77
Neue Rheinische Zeitung 225
Neumann, John von 288 Neurath, Otto 288
socialist theory of
production in 229-30
New Left Review 219
New York University 259
Nicholas III, Pope 33
Nicole, Pierre 94
Niebuhr, Barthold 307
Nietzsche, Friedrich 201
Nine Years’ War (1688-97) 53
Nitzan, Shmuel
focus on voting equilibrium 404 nominalism 21, 26-7, 291 Nordhaus, William D. 442
observation of relationship between parliamentary democracy and business cycles 410-11
North, Dudley 53
observations of free trade 68
Novozhilov, Viktor Valentinovich 286, 329 concept of “differential costs” 338 “Evaluation of costs and results in a socialist economy” 337-8
theories of investment efficiency 336
Oates, Wallace E.
decentralization theorem of 406-7
O’Brien, Denis
“Monetary base control and the Bank Charter Act” (1997) 186-7
Oeconomica 9, 11
Ohlin, Bertil 287
Monetary Policy, Public Works, Subsidies and Tariff Policy as Remedies for Unemployment (1934) 365
“On the formulation of monetary theory” (1933) 365
role in development of Stockholm School 358, 365-6
Okishio, Nobuo
Okishio Theorem 241
Opocher, Arrigo 262, 427
Order of Preachers (Dominican Order) 21
Order of St Francis (Franciscan Order) 21, 26, 94
Oresme, Nicholas 28
Treatise on Money 29-30
Osorio, Antonio Horta
A Mathematica na economia pura (1911)
287
Otsuka, Kinnosuke 287
Oules, Firmin 285, 290
Overstone, Lord (Samuel Jones-Loyd) 184 Owen, Robert
role in development of communitarianism 206, 209
labour exchanges 206-7
Oxford University 279-80, 305
Pagano, Francesco Mario 93
Palmer, J. Horsley
Governor of Bank of England 180-81 Pantaleoni, Maffeo 282, 287
Pareto, Vilfredo 267, 274, 281-3, 285-6, 289-91, 335
Cours d’economiepolitique professe a l’Universite de Lausanne (Political Economy Course Delivered at the University of Lausanne) (1896-97) 283-4
Manuale di economia politica con una introduzione alla scienza sociale (Manual of Political Economy with an Introduction to Social Science) (1906) 284-5
Trattato di sociologia generale (The Mind and Society) (1917-19) 286
Walras equation 283
Pareto efficiency 403, 407, 412
Parguez, Alain 441
Pascal, Blaise 83, 85
Pasinetti, Luigi 424, 439, 443
role in development of Cambridge School 343, 349-50, 355
Patinkin, Don 290
Money, Interest and Prices (1956) 448 Pecqueur, Constantin 193
De la republique de Dieu (1844) 203 socialist theory of 200
societal development 193
Peel, Robert 161
proposals for Bank Charter Act (1844) 181, 185, 187, 267
Peguy, Charles 201
Pennington, James
role in development of Currency Principle 181
Pereire, Emile 188
socialist theory of 189 societal transformation 189
Pereire, Isaac 188
Perlman, Selig 314
Perry, William James
Growth of Civilization (1924) 310
Petit, Pascal 442
Petty, William 5, 56, 111, 125-7, 129-31,
133
concept of surplus 128 observations of development of balance of trade doctrine 62
Political Arithmetick (1690) 418 production theory of 127-8 role in development of classical economics 418
theory of value 128-9
Treatise on Taxes and Contributions (1662) 127
Petyt, William 55-6, 61, 77
Phillips curve 353, 385-7, 391-2, 411, 449 expectations-augmented 375
Philodem 17
Physiocrats 76, 82-4, 88, 94, 103, 111, 126, 131, 139-40, 151, 306
criticisms of 83
Piccard, Paul 277
Pierson, Nikolaas Gerard
Principles (1902) 274
Pigou, Arthur Cecil 1, 343, 345, 349, 430 quantity theory of 379
theory of welfare economics 346
Piore, Michael 442
Pirou, Gaetan 287
Pitt, William 69
Plato 109
The Laws 7-8
Republic 7
theory of
just state 7
labour 17
Plott, Charles
role in development of public choice theory 404
Plumard de Dangeul, Louis-Joseph 81-2
Plywood Trust 334-5
Poland 241
Polanyi, Karl
socialist theory of 230
political economy 16, 76, 83, 93, 95, 98-101,
116, 295-6, 298-300, 305-6, 410 communist 239
definitions of 102-4
French classical 161-2
Marxist 214, 235, 240-42, 245, 248-9 socialist 211-14
political economy, classical 125, 146, 347,
350-52
British 126, 130-31,298
decline of 145-6
French 150-51, 164-5
bimetallism in 161-2
business cycle theory in 153
crises 162-4
decline of 160-61
income distribution in 153, 157-60 price theory in 153-7
origins of 127
price theory 133-4
natural 138-9
surplus theory 130, 132, 135-6
Political Economy Club 181,274, 358
Popper, Karl 260
population 46, 55, 61-2, 77-8, 81, 87, 116, 119, 121-3, 133, 190, 216-18, 224, 227-8, 308
decrease 159
density 109
growth 128, 135, 139, 350
labouring 43, 206
Malthusian theory of 152, 160, 197 of firms 354
Port Royal
La logique, ou l’art depenser (1662) 83
Portugal 287
Posner, Richard 372
post-structuralism 246
poverty 8, 40
relief of 321
Preobrazhensky, Evgeny
socialist theory of 240
Prescott, E.C. 394
Price, W.H.
observations of development of balance of trade doctrine 62
price theory 13, 153, 156-7, 369, 370-73 conception of 27
market 22
Marshallian 368-9
natural price 153-4
price determination 153
utility in 155, 165
Priddat, Birger P. 253
Progressive Party 226
property 7, 34, 37, 55, 61-2, 84, 109, 151, 156, 159, 189, 191-2, 198, 202, 208, 212, 268, 297, 423-4
characteristics of 38
exchange of 12
fixed 183
incomes 261, 263, 416
intangible 315-16, 320
landed 128
private 9, 199, 225, 307
opposition to 196, 201-2
rights 22-3
scholastic conception of 22-3
rights 23, 224, 227, 372
security of 79
state 48, 197
collective 198
utility
valuation of 320
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph 152, 155-6, 188, 192, 194, 256, 298
socialist theory of 195, 199
equality 196
societal development of 195-6
Princeton University 368
Prussia 46-8, 69
public choice theory 413-14
constitutional contracts 404-5, 407 multi-level 407-8
open exit 405
Rae-Taylor rule 405-6
democracy variants 408-9
rent-seeking 409
voting methods 409-10 development of 401-2 political entrepreneurship
Downsian condition 404 privatization of public goods 406 federalism 406
simple majority rule issue 403-4 sources of
utilitarian 401-2
Pufendorf, Samuel von 22, 39, 57
De jure naturae et gentium (1672) 58 definition of monopoly 60
Pugni Academy (Accademia dei Pugni) 101
Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics 259
Quesnay, Franρois 52, 76, 83-5, 126, 129-30 criticisms of mercantilism 66, 68 “Hommes” (1757) 66
Tableau economique 131, 137, 418 theory of
bon prix 85
capital investment 121
Racca, Vittorio 284
Rae, D.W
view of constitutional contracts 405
Rae, John 264
Ramsey, John 145
Rankin, N. 450
Rathenau, Walter 228-9
Die neue Wirtschaft 228, 230 rationalization of production apparatus 228-9
Rau, Karl Heinrich 257
Lehrbuch der politischen Oekonomie (1826-37) 255-6
role in development of German Use Value School 253, 257-8
Raymond of Penaforte 31
Read, Thomas 146
Reagan, Ronald 260, 353, 368 realism 314, 323, 369
empirical 443
Rees, Albert 371
Reformation 17
Reid, Margaret 371
Renard, Georges 198
concept of “semi-collectivist” 201
rent theory 158, 224 development of 136-7
Ricardian 152, 159-60, 210
rentierism 189
Report, from the Committee on the Circulation Paper, the Specie, and the Current Coin of Ireland; and also, on the Exchange between that part of the United Kingdom and Great Britain (1804) 171
Republic of Ireland
currency exchange rate controversy (1803) 170-71
Dublin 171 resolving multipliers 334-6 objectively determined valuations as 338 Revue d’economiepolitique 153 Revue encyclopedique 192 Revue socialiste 201
Ricardo, David 95, 103, 125-6, 136, 142, 145, 150, 160-61, 165, 167, 172, 180, 223-4, 226, 234, 263, 298, 300, 306, 416, 419, 430
Essay on Profits (1815) 137-8, 140-41, 143, 422
The High Price of Bullion, Proof of the Depreciation of Banknotes (1810) 173, 176-7
The Price of Gold (1809) 176
Principles of Political Economy and Taxation 138-42, 145, 350, 416
theory of absolute value 144-5 corn-ratio profits 351 bullion 171, 175 interest 263 money 183 prices 138-9 real value of wages 142-3 rent 152, 159-60, 210 value and distribution 141-6
Ricci, Umberto 287
Rist, Charles
Histoire des doctrines economiques depuis les Physiocrates jusqu’a nos jours (1909) 295-6
Rivers, WH. 310
Robbins, Lionel Charles 215, 268, 289
An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science (1932) 402
Robert of Courρon 21, 31-2, 38 criticisms of extrinsic titles 36
Robertson, Dennis Holme 2
role in development of Cambridge School 343
Robinson, Edward Austin Grossage 343, 349 Robinson, Joan Violet 322, 345-6, 348, 430, 439
The Accumulation of Capital (1956) 350, 435 role in development of
Cambridge School 343-4, 349-50 post-Keynesianism 439-40, 445
Rockefeller Foundation 314
Rodbertus von Jagetzow, Carl 223-4 socialist theory of 224-5, 227 surplus theory of profit of 224 theory of interest 263
Rrederer, Pierre-Louis
role in development of theory of middle class 87
Roemer, John 245
Romagnosi, Gian Domenico 104
Roman Empire (27 bc-395 ad) 5-6, 307 economy of 16
Romer, David 450
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
Brain Trusts 321-2
New Deal 216, 319, 322
Roper, Trevor 107-8
Roscher, Wilhelm Georg Friedrich 30, 252,
257, 295-7, 300
focus on Staatswissenschaften 296-8 Grundlagen (1854) 257
Grundriβ zu Vorlesungen uber die Staatswirthschaft. Nach geschichtlicher Methode 296
Politik (1892) 298
System der Volkswirthschaft (1854-94) 298
Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul 259
Ross, Dorothy 314
Rossi, Pellegrino 150, 152
theory of
income distribution 158-9
value 154
Rothbard, Murray 259
Rouanet, Gustave 201
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 75, 110
Rowntree, Benjamin Seebohm 209 Rowthorn, Robert 441
Royal Academy of Sciences 76
Royal Economic Society 279
Rubery, Jill 442
Ruccio, David
socialist theory of 246
Ruchonnet, Louis 282
Rudiger, Johann Christian Christoph
Introductory Foundations for a General Doctrine of the State 48-9
Ruskin, John 212
Russian Empire 286, 329
Civil War (1917-22) 330
February Revolution (1917) 330
Moscow Province
Volokolamsk 330
October Revolution (1917) 238-30, 337
St Petersburg 282
Russian School of Mathematical Economics
329, 336, 339-40 development of 329-30, 333, 338-9 input-output models 336-8 planning theory 331-3, 337-9 system of the optimal functioning of the economy concept 339 transportation problem 336 political uses of 332-3
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de
Nouveau Christianisme (1825) 193, 203 socialist theory of 188-9, 192, 200, 203 equality 196 societal transformation 189
Salutati, Coluccio 94
Salvadori, Neri 125, 241, 262, 424 Samuels, Warren 326
role in development of institutionalism 325 Samuelson, Paul Anthony 352, 403, 427 concept of “Whig history” 417 Foundations of Economic Analysis 289 Sargent, T.J. 395-6
Savigny, Friedrich Carl von 307
Sawyer, Malcolm 439, 441
Say, Jean-Baptiste 83, 85, 89, 150-53, 161, 256, 401
concept of consumer sovereignty 257 influence on value theory 154, 256 Say’s Law 224, 426, 432-3, 443, 448 theory of
income distribution 157-8
interest 263
money 161-2 price 154-6
Traite d’economiepolitique (1803) 88, 150-52, 162
Scandinavian Journal of Economics 361 Schaller, Franρois 285
Schefold, Bertram 424 Schlesinger, Karl 288 Schlick, Moritz 288
Schlδzer, August Ludwig 47 Schmalz, Theodor von 49
Schmid, Allan 325 Schmoller, Gustav Friedrich von 68-9, 299, 301-3
Methodenstreit 302-4, 306, 309
role in development of historical economics 301-3 Younger Historical School 295, 301 Schneider, Friedrich 410-12 scholasticism 31, 35, 57
conception of private property and natural law 22-3
Scholes, Myron 368 Schrδder, Wilhelm von 45
Schultz, Henry 370-71
Schultz, T.W 368
Schumpeter, Joseph Alois 2, 101, 258-9, 265, 277, 289, 344, 430, 439
concept of entrepreneur 265-6
Die Krise des Steuerstaates (1918) 229
History of Economic Analysis (1954) 71, 92 observation of development of mercantilism 52-3, 71
theory of exchange 275-6
Schwartz, Anna
A Monetary History of the United States (1963) 375, 388
role in development of monetarism 375 Scotism 21
Scotus, John Duns 21, 26
Screpanti, Ernesto 246, 439
Scrope, George Poulett 146
Seckendorff, Veit Ludwig von 302
Fursten-Stat (1656) 47
Second International (1889-1916) 188, 197, 242, 248
development of economic theory during 239
Second World War (1939-45) 92, 216, 218, 223, 322-3, 344, 349, 375, 380, 434, 437
Operation Barbarossa (1941) 336
Seebohm, Frederic
English Village Community (1883) 308-9
Seligman, Ben 326
Seligman, Edwin 299, 318
Sen, Amartya Kumar 349
Seneca 17
Senior, Nassau William 146
theory of interest 263
Sensini, Guido 287
Serra, Antonio 5
Sering, Max 302
Setterfield, Mark 441
Seven Years’ War (1756-63) 77
Shackle, George Lennox Sharman 441
role in development of post-Keynesianism 439, 441,445
Shaikh, Anwar 241, 246
Shapiro, C. 451
Shaposhnikov, Nikolay Nikolaevich 286, 329
Shaw, George Bernard 210, 274
Shibata, Kei 241
Shove, Gerald Frank 345
role in development of Cambridge School 343
Sidgwick, Henry 276, 280
Siena, Bernardino da 94
Siger of Brabant 20 silver 10, 114-15, 172, 377-8 as monetary commodity 15
bullion 167
coins 161-2, 167-8
market price of 167
mining 16
money 30, 33
reserves 186
standard 161, 186
value of 122
Simon, Herbert Alexander
concept of satisficing 442
role in development of post-Keynesianism 439
Simonde de Sismondi, Jean-Charles Leonard, see Sismondi, Jean-Charles Leonard Simonde de
Simons, Henry C. 369, 371, 379 Sims, George Robert 209
Singh, Ajit
role in development of Cambridge School 343
Sismondi, Jean-Charles Leonard Simonde de
150,156-7
price theory of 154
Traite d’economie politique 150
Slutsky, Evgeny Evgenievich 286, 329 Smith, Adam 5, 17, 40, 46-7, 52, 94, 102-4, 107, 125-6, 138-40, 165, 170, 173, 184, 252, 257, 260, 263, 298, 305, 401, 416, 435, 450, 452
adding-up theory of 142-3
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) 39, 66, 95, 107-8, 116, 118-2, 122, 124, 133, 137-8, 156, 253, 264, 298, 301, 401, 416
Lectures on Jurisprudence 39, 108
theory of
commerce and luxury 116-17
income 121-2
interest and profit 261, 263 labour 6, 151 price 133-5 rent 136-8
surplus 135-6
value 253-4
Theory of Moral Sentiments 94-5, 108, 116-19, 123
Smith, Thomas 57
Smolinski, L. 331
social Darwinism 276, 280 social democracy 214-16, 221, 228, 230
Keynesian 218 Social-Democratic Party 223 socialism 188, 192, 195-6, 203, 217-18, 231-2,
235, 238, 267, 289, 335
decentralised 212-14
definitions of
collectivism 197-202 individualism 202 integral socialism 197 marginalist socialism 197, 201, 223 role of struggle in 200
development of 188-99, 208-9, 213, 220-21, 230, 238-40
Alternative Economic Strategy (AES) 218-20
economic surplus 242 institutionalization 196 political economy 211-14 public ownership concepts 210-11, 217 role of syndicalism in 213 societal transformation ideas 189-95, 210-11
stagnation theory 216
German 198, 226-8
guild 228
Jauresian 198-9
Malonian 197-9
market 230-31, 240 non-Marxian 188-203, 206-21,223, 228 reform 224
republicanism 195 revolutionary syndicalism 199 state/statist 188, 209-11,227-9, 295
Marxist 203
Socialist Calculation Debate 338
Socialist Labor Party 213
Societe d’economie politique
founding of (1842) 152
sociology 5, 71, 109, 113, 203, 217, 283-7, 290, 313, 322 historical 5
Socrates 14
Memorabilia 14
Solon 9, 67
Solow, Robert Merton 382
Sombart, Werner
Deutscher Sozialismus (1934) 228 Sonnenfels, Josef von 302
Satze aus der Polizey, Handlung und Finanz (1808) 48
Sorel, Georges 197, 199
socialist theory of 199-200
South Wales Miners’ Federation Unofficial
Reform Committee
The Miners’ Next Step (1912) 213
Soviet Union (USSR) 231,240, 243, 289
Central Statistical Administration 337
Central Statistical Board
Balance of the National Economy of the
USSR (1925) 332 dictatorship of the proletariat in 333-4 Five-Year Plans 332-3
Leningrad Railway Carriage-Building Plant
336
Naval Engineering College 336
New Economic Policy (NEP) 329, 331, 333
Perestroika 329, 339-40
Scientific Organization of Labour and Production 331
State Planning Committee (GOSPLAN) 333
War Communism 331, 333
Yaroslavl 336
Spain 55, 77, 287
Spengler, Oswald 227-8
Sraffa, Piero 125, 245, 265, 346, 355, 418, 424 criticisms of
Hayek 268-70
neoclassical economics 352-3 observations of classical economics 418-19 Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities (1960) 349-51 role in development of
Cambridge School 343-4, 351, 353 competitive theory 346-7 post-Keynesianism 439-40 theory of
commodity production 13 value and distribution 416, 420 wages 423
The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo 350-51, 416-17, 422
Stalin, Josef 333-4, 337, 340
Steedman, Ian 241, 245, 262, 427
Stein, Lorenz von
Die Volkswirthschaftslehre (1878) 300 socialist theory of 227
Steindl, Joseph
role in development of post-Keynesianism
440
Steuart, James (James Denham-Steuart)
111-12, 115, 125-6, 132-3
Inquiry into the Principles of Political
Oeconomy (1767) 107-8, 131-2 observations of development of balance of trade doctrine 62
Stewart, Walter 316, 318
Stigler, George J. 260
role in development of Chicago School 368
Marshallian price theory 369-70
Stiglitz, Joseph Eugene 450-52
Freefall (2010) 434
Stirner, Max 298
Stockholm School 287, 358
countercyclical fiscal policy 365
development of 358-61, 364-6 price formation issue 359
ex antelex post 358 sequence analysis 358, 363-4
Stocking, George 324
Stoicism 5, 17, 305-6
Stone, Richard Nicholas
role in development of Cambridge School 343
Storch, Heinrich Friedrich von 270 St Petersburg University 329
Strachey, John
Contemporary Capitalism (1956) 217
The Nature of Capitalist Crisis (1935) 214
The Theory and Practice of Socialism (1936) 214
Streissler, E. 253 structuralism 332, 441
Strumlin, S.G. 333
role in development of planning theory 332 Sully, James 274
surplus theory of profit 224
Svennilson, Ingvar 362
role in development of Stockholm School 358
use of sequence analysis 363 Sweden 364-5
Riksbank 365
Stockholm 358
Sweezy, Paul 243, 247-8
Monopoly Capital 244, 247
Theory of Capitalist Development 240 Switzerland 298, 330
Bern 93
Canton of Vaud 281,286
Constitution of (1861) 281
Geneva 285
Lausanne 281-92, 401
Zurich 298
Tacitus 307
Takata, Yasuma 287
Takebayashi, Shiro 303 tariffs 82, 189, 237 protective 70, 238 reform of 304
Tarshis, Lorie 433
Taussig, Frank William 178 taxation 6, 16, 44-6, 87, 111, 126, 128, 215, 282, 401
just 405
progressive 189
Taylor, Fred M. 215
Taylor, Lance 430
Maynard’s Revenge (2010) 434
role in development of post-Keynesianism
441
Taylor, M.D.
view of constitutional contracts 405
Temple, William 56
observation of development of mercantilism 60
Tesler, Lester 368, 370
Thatcher, Margaret 219-20, 260, 353, 368 Third International (1919-43) 188, 248
Third Reich (1933-45) 228, 231-2, 336 Thirlwall, Anthony
role in development of post-Keynesianism 441
Thirty Years’ War (1618-48) 43
Thomism 21-2
School of Salamanca 22, 39, 260 Thompson, William
An Inquiry into the Principles of the Distribution of Wealth (1824) 206-7, 209
Labor Rewarded (1827) 206-7
role in development of communitarianism 206
Thornton, Henry 167, 170-71, 173-4, 180
An Enquiry into the Nature and Effect of the Paper Credit of Great Britain (1803) 170, 173, 182, 184
theory of
arbitrages 177-8 bullion 176 lender of last resort 173-4
Thucydides 297-8
Thunen, Johann Heinrich von theory of interest 263
Tiebout, Charles E.
support for privatization of public goods 406
Tobin, James
Keynesian portfolio-balance effect of 382 view of NCM as Monetarism Mark II
391
Tocqueville, Alexis de 151
Tonnies, Ferdinand 302
Tooke, Thomas 165, 184
The History of Prices 161
An Inquiry into the Currency Principle (1844) 161, 182-3
opposition to Bank Act (1844) 182
Torrens, Robert 125, 136, 145, 419
Essay on the External Corn Trade (1815)
143
Essay on the Production of Wealth (1821)
144
Townsend, Peter 217
Toynbee, Arthur 304
Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the 18th Century in England (1884) 296
trade 57-8, 61, 65-6, 80, 115 balance 66, 81-2, 86, 113-14, 167 favourable 63
disadvantageous 60-61 domestic 54, 62 foreign 54, 56-7, 62, 65-6, 146 destabilization of 163 proposed use of liberty in 55 free 64-6, 150 general 77 long distance 10 luxury 81 petty 10
role in development of mercantilism 54-5, 57-68
universal 79
trade unions 196, 200, 213, 226-8, 230, 240, 302, 320
bargaining efforts of 228, 243
Treaty of Utrecht (1738)
opposition to 65
Trebing, Harry 326
Trenchard, John 79
Tucker, Josiah 77 definition of “science of commerce” 53
Tugan-Baranovsky, Mikhail Ivanovich 240 Tugwell, Rexford 216, 314, 316, 320-21
The Trend of Economics (1924) 313
Tullock, Gordon
Calculus of Consent (1962) 405 theory of constitutional contracts 404-5, 407
Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques 76, 84-7, 160, 402
Reflexions sur la formation et la distribution des richesses (Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth) (1766) 121, 132
theory of middle class 86-7
“valeurs appreciatives” 85
unemployment 209, 211,215, 269, 315, 319, 321, 347, 349, 353, 376, 385, 398, 410-11, 449-50, 454
equilibrium 455 involuntary 451 mass 214, 240 natural rate (NAIRU) 443 non-accelerating inflation rate of 391 technological 241
Union for Radical Political Economics (URPE)
establishment of (1968) 245
United Kingdom (UK) 39, 45, 53, 67, 81-2, 112, 153, 160, 206, 209, 212-13, 216-17, 228, 296, 308, 335, 401,436-7
Bank Charter Act (1844) 267
Bank Restriction Act (1797) 168-70 banking crisis (1825) 180
Birmingham 172, 207
Cambridge 352
Edinburgh 107
government of
Bank Charter Committee 180
Leeds 208
London 110, 168, 170-72, 177, 207, 274, 401
Navigation Act in 123
New Left in 218-19
Parliament 161, 171-2
House of Commons 68, 171
Treasury 174
Westminster 409-10
United Nations (UN) 366
United States of America (USA) 206, 209-13, 217, 240, 242-3, 245, 247, 259, 288, 352, 364, 408, 411, 437, 441
Boston, MA 209
Cambridge, MA 352
Committee on the Costs of Medical Care 321
Committee on Unemployment 364
Constitution of 401
Dallas, TX 191
Fairfax, VA 259
Federal Reserve
Board of Governors 388
Federalist Papers (1787-88) 401
War Industries Board (WIB)
Prices Section 318
War Labor Policies Board 318
War of Independence (1775-83) 401 University of Abo 47
University of California, Berkeley 325 University of Chicago 314, 352, 368, 379 University of Frankfurt 46
University of Geneva 286
University of Gottingen 47
University of Halle 46-8
University of Maryland 325
University of Massachusetts at Amherst 325 University of Paris 26, 40
University of Rinteln 47
University of Stockholm 359
University of Texas 324
University of Vienna 48, 227, 268
University of Wisconsin-Madison 314
Uno School 241
usury 27, 32, 261, 401 arguments against 10, 32-3 definitions of 32-3
utilitarianism 253, 276
as source of public choice theory 401-2 utility 22, 85, 401, 418, 451
functions 253, 255, 332, 381, 397 additive 277
use in English marginalism 277-8 in price theory 155, 165 intertemporal 446 maximization 319, 409, 452, 455
value theory 13, 98, 154, 253-4, 329 labour theory of 145, 201, 223, 236 marginalist 202 Marxist 199-200, 225, 245 measurement of value 29
Vanderlint, Jacob 55 support for free trade 66
Vansittart, Nicolas 167, 172
Varga, Eugen 239
Veblen, Thorstein Bunde
role in development of institutionalism 313-18, 322, 324-6
evolutionary framework 315-17 role in development of post-Keynesianism 439, 442
The Theory of Business Enterprise (1904)
316
Venturi, Franco 92
Verein fur Socialpolitik (Association for Social Policy) 301-2
founding of (1872) 226
Veron de Forbonnais, Franςois, see Forbonnais, Franςois Veron de
Verri, Pietro 76, 93, 98-103
Meditazioni sulla economia politica (1771) 99-100
Meditazioni sulla felicita (1763) 99-100 Opere di Pietro Verri 99-100
Vickers, Douglas 65-6
Vico, Giambattista 94-5
Vidal, Franςois 188, 194
Vincent, Jacques-Claude-Marie (Marquis of Gournay)
circle of 79-82, 88
Viner, Jacob 59, 62, 178, 379
concept of “doctrine of universal economy” 57
definition of gain from exchange doctrine 65 role in development of Chicago School
Marshallian price theory 368-9
Vines, D. 436
Vitoria, Francisco de
De Indis 57
Voltaire (Franρois-Marie Arouet) 75, 98 influence of 151
wages 159-60, 263, 320, 351, 393, 417,
442
classical theory of 417 inequality of 201 marginalist theory of 417 rate
equilibrium 450
nominal 385-6
real 236, 243
constant 355
Wagner, Adolph Heinrich Gotthilf 258, 302,
401
“Program of State Socialism” 227 Wald, Abraham 288
Wallace, N. 395-6
Walras, Marie-Esprit-Leon 88, 258, 274, 277-8,
281,285-8, 337, 397, 401-2 economic theories of 201
value in exchange 290
Elements d’economie politique pure (Elements of Pure Economics) (1874-77) 282-4 equilibrium theory of 277, 283, 287-8, 290-92, 391
Etudes d’economie politique appliquee (Studies in Applied Economics) (1898) 283
Etudes d’economie sociale (Studies in Social Economics) (1896) 283
tatonnement process of 277
Walras’s Law 454
Warburton, Carl 375
Wardman Group 325
wealth 6, 11, 14, 43-4, 48, 50, 52, 62-5, 67-8,
77-9, 81-2, 94, 97, 100, 109, 123, 128, 151, 155, 190-91, 199, 207, 248, 254, 256-7, 377, 380-83, 385
aggregate 136
artificial 54-6
collective 202, 260 creation of 130, 247 distribution of 53, 160, 198, 201, 203, 207, 210, 217, 248, 270
in antiquity 6-7, 10
material 24, 113
national 118-20, 192
natural 10, 30, 55-6
relationship with power 45, 100 social 201, 291
Webb, Beatrice 210, 214, 296
Webb, Sidney 210, 214, 274, 296
English Progress towards Social Democracy (1892) 210
Weber, Alfred 302
Weber, Max 299, 302
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904-05) 304
Weimar Republic 228 Weintraub, Sidney
role in development of post-Keynesianism 439, 441
Weiss, A. 450, 452
Welch, Finns 373
Welfare State 243-4, 353
Wheatley, John 167, 175
Essay on the Theory of Money and Principles of Commerce (1805) 171
Remarks on Currency and Commerce (1803) 171
Wheeler, John
observations of uncertainty of foreign trade 56, 59
Whig Party 70, 167
support for bullion 173
White, Harry 215
Wicksell, Knut 274, 287, 363, 430
definition of monetary equilibrium 362
Interest and Prices (1898) 358-9
role in development of
public choice theory 402, 405
Stockholm School 358-61
theory of interest 267, 360
Wicksteed, Philip Henry 274-5 criticisms of 275
view of exchange 275
Wieser, Friedrich von 227, 257
criticisms of Menger’s utilisation theory 262
Das Gesetz der Macht (The Law of Power) (1926) 265
Der Naturliche Werth (The Natural Value) (1893) 265
Uber den Ursprung und die Hauptgesetze des wirthschaftlichen Werthes (On the Origin and the Main Laws of Economic Value) (1884) 265
Wilkinson, Frank 442
William of Auxerre 31
definition of usury 32
Summa Aurea 39
William of Ockham 21
Williams, Raymond 219 Williamson, Oliver 320
Wilson, James
opposition to Bank Act (1844) 182
Winch, Donald 216
Winiarski, Leon 285
Wissel, Rudolf
Reichswirtschaftsplan 229
Witte, E.E. 314
Woitinsky, WS. 329
Wolman, Leo 314, 318
Wolowski, Louis theory of bimetallism 163
World Bank 437
Wray, L.R.
role in development of neo-chartalism 442
Xenophon economic theories of 6, 14-15 critiques of chrematistics 15
Oikonomikos 15
Poroi 14, 16
Yanson, Yuly Edwardovich 282
Yastremskii, B.S. 335
Yasui, Takuma 287
Yntema, Theodore O. 370
Young, Allyn 435
Younger Historical School 299-301 development of 295
Yurovsky, Leonid Naumovich 286, 333
Zalgaller, V.A.
focus on optimal cutting of materials 336
Zamagani, S. 94, 439
Zawadzki, Wladimir 287
Zeuthen, Frederik 288