In 1918, when the social-democratic parties of Germany and of the newly founded Austrian state came to power, and for brief periods dominated parliaments and governments of these countries, the idea of “socialization” was the central concept of the economic policy debate.
Yet Social Democrats in both countries were ill equipped for this task due to their close orientation towards the teachings of Marx and Engels, who had displayed a strong distaste for any “utopian” attempts to devise a blueprint of the type of economy which they expected to succeed capitalism. As a consequence, most concrete proposals for how to proceed with socialization came from non-Marxist socialists or even bourgeois authors (Weissel 1976).